Bivalvia - Cardiolariatida - Cardiolariidae
Synonym: Afghanodesmatidae Scarlato and Starobogatov 1979 [replaced name]
Full reference: J. C. W. Cope. 1997. The early phylogeny of the Class Bivalvia. Palaeontology 40(3):713-746
Parent taxon: Afghanodesmatoidea according to J. G. Carter et al. 2011
See also Bouchet et al. 2010, Cope 1997, Mondal and Harries 2016, Wang et al. 2025 and Zhang et al. 2024
Sister taxon: Eritropidae
Subtaxa: Cardiolaria Deceptrix Inaequidens Praeleda
Ecology: facultatively mobile infaunal suspension feeder
Distribution:
• Devonian of Argentina (1 collection), Australia (2)
• Silurian of Argentina (3), United States (1: Ohio)
• Dobrotivian of Czechia (1), France (2), Morocco (1), Portugal (3), Spain (8)
• Letna of Czechia (1)
• Whiterockian of United States (1: Minnesota)
• Ordovician of Australia (5), Canada (1: Ontario), China (4), Czechia (8), France (1), Ireland (1), Morocco (2), Norway (2), Poland (1), Portugal (1), Spain (6), the United Kingdom (8), United States (50: Illinois, Iowa, Indiana, Kentucky, Minnesota, Minnesota, Illinois, Iowa, Nevada, New York, Ohio, Tennessee)
Total: 114 collections including 136 occurrences