Bivalvia - Nuculida - Cardiolariidae
Synonym: Afghanodesmatidae Scarlato and Starobogatov 1979 [replaced name]
Full reference: J. C. W. Cope. 1997. The early phylogeny of the Class Bivalvia. Palaeontology 40(3):713-746
Parent taxon: Nuculida according to S. Mondal and P. J. Harries 2016
See also Bouchet et al. 2010, Carter et al. 2011, Cope 1997, Wang et al. 2025 and Zhang et al. 2024
Sister taxa: Clinopista, Cnestriella, Ctenodontoidea, Dysondonta, Eonuculoma, Eritropsis, Iheringinucula, Kasachia, Leiodysodonta, Lepteviella, Menneroctenia, Neiloides, Nuculacea, Nuculoidea, Paleostraba, Phaseoloidea, Phestioides, Pristiglomoidea, Pseudoleda, Pseudonuculana, Scyphoconcha, Xiaoshuisulcna, Zechania
Subtaxa: Cardiolaria Deceptrix Inaequidens Praeleda
Ecology: slow-moving infaunal deposit feeder
Distribution:
• Devonian of Argentina (1 collection), Australia (2)
• Silurian of Argentina (3), United States (1: Ohio)
• Dobrotivian of Czechia (1), France (2), Morocco (1), Portugal (3), Spain (8)
• Letna of Czechia (1)
• Whiterockian of United States (1: Minnesota)
• Ordovician of Australia (5), Canada (1: Ontario), China (4), Czechia (8), France (1), Ireland (1), Morocco (2), Norway (2), Poland (1), Portugal (1), Spain (6), the United Kingdom (8), United States (50: Illinois, Iowa, Indiana, Kentucky, Minnesota, Minnesota, Illinois, Iowa, Nevada, New York, Ohio, Tennessee)
Total: 114 collections including 136 occurrences