Chondrichthyes - Rajiformes - Rajidae
Full reference: C. Linnaeus. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. Editio Decima 1:1-824
Parent taxon: Rajidae according to J. A. Villafaña et al. 2025
See also Bendix-Almgreen 1983, Cahuzac et al. 2007, Cappetta 1980, Cappetta 1987, Casier 1946, Casier 1966, Cicimurri and Knight 2009, Dartevelle and Casier 1943, Eastman 1904, Hay 1902, Jaekel 1894, Jonet 1968, Jordan 1963, Kent 2018, Leriche 1926, Leriche 1942, Purdy et al. 2001, Sepkoski 2002, Thurmond and Jones 1981, Villafaña et al. 2020, Welton 2015 and Woodward 1889
Sister taxa: Actinobatis, Amblyraja, Batis, Beringraja, Cephaleutherus, Dactylobatus, Dipturus, Hieroptera, Laeviraja, Leucoraja, Malacorhina, Marambioraja, Mesetaraja, Nebriimimus, Oligoraja, Pararaja, Platopterus, Propterygia, Rajinae, Rostroraja, Smithraja, Uraptera, Walteraja
Subtaxa: Raja amphitrita Raja antiqua Raja batis Raja cecilae Raja clavata Raja davisi Raja farishi Raja gentili Raja harrisae Raja holsatica Raja louisi Raja manitaria Raja marandati Raja mccollumi Raja michauxi Raja olisiponensis Raja praeclavata Raja primarmata Raja rugosa Raja similis Raja sudhakari Raja texana Raja thiedei
Type: Raja batis
Ecology: nektobenthic carnivore
Distribution:
• Quaternary of the United Kingdom (2 collections), United States (13: California, Oregon, Virginia)
• Pliocene of Argentina (2), Italy (1), the Netherlands (2), Spain (10), United States (2: North Carolina, South Carolina)
• Miocene to Pliocene of United States (1: Florida)
• Miocene of Belgium (6), Chile (2), Costa Rica (1), Czechia (2), Denmark (1), France (8), Germany (5), India (2), Japan (1), Malta (1), the Netherlands (3), Panama (1), Poland (1), Portugal (6), South Africa (1), Spain (1), United States (6: California, Virginia)
• Oligocene of Belgium (29), Germany (4), Poland (1), United States (3: South Carolina)
• Eocene of Antarctica (3), France (9), the Netherlands (4), Ukraine (1), the United Kingdom (1), United States (4: Alabama, Georgia, Oregon, Texas)
• Paleocene of Angola (1), Niger (1)
• Cretaceous of India (1), Lebanon (1), Sweden (1), Trinidad and Tobago (1), United States (4: Arkansas, Maryland, North Carolina, Texas)
• Triassic of Germany (1)
Total: 151 collections including 171 occurrences
Specimen images are retrieved through the ePANDDA API.
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