Parent taxon: Neopterygii according to R. van der Laan 2019
See also Alvarado-Ortega and Espinosa-Arrubarrena 2008, Bartram 1975, Brito 2000, Brito et al. 2008, Carnevale and Godfrey 2018, Cavin and Giner 2012, Cavin et al. 2007, Chang et al. 2010, Cope 1887, Cope 1891, Ebert and Etches 2025, Forey and Grande 1998, Forey and Patterson 2006, Grande 1984, Grande 2010, Hall and Wolberg 1989, Hay 1902, Jordan 1963, Lauder and Liem 1983, Machado et al. 2013, Nelson 2006, Nelson et al. 2016, Patterson and Rosen 1977 and Taverne 2014
Sister taxa: Ducanichthys, Frodoichthys, Gebrayelichthyidae, Gimlichthys, Ginglymodi, Guildayichthyidae, Holostei, Lombardinidae, Louwoichthyiformes, Luganoiiformes, Peltopleuriformes, Perleidiformes, Pholidopleuriformes, Placopleurus, Plesiofuro, Pycnodontiformes, Signeuxellidae, Sphaerodontidae, Venusichthyidae
Subtaxa: Allolepidotus Cipactlichthys Gigantodontidae Ionoscopiformes Isopholidae Ophiopsiformes Ophiopsiidae Panxianichthyiformes Parasemionotiformes Pholidophorus curionii Pholidophorus oblongus Pingolepidae Praesemionotidae Prosantichthys