Full reference: O. Jaekel. 1911. Die Wirbeltiere. Eine Übersicht über die Fossilen und Lebenden Formen [The Vertebrates. An Overview of the Fossil and Living Forms] viii-252
Parent taxon: Placodermata according to O. Jaekel 1911
Sister taxa: Acanthothoraci, Acanthothoraciformes, Antiarcha, Antiarchiformes, Arthrodira, Asiacanthus, Austroptyctodus, Bianchengichthys, Brindabellaspida, Campbellodus, Changyonophyton, Coelosteichthys, Deinodus, Entelognathus, Hybosteus, Neopetalichthys, Nessariostoma, Oestophorus, Petalichthida, Petalichthyida, Petalichthyida, Phyllolepida, Pseudopetalichthyida, Pseudopetalichthyiformes, Ptychostei, Ptyctodontida, Rhenanida, Rhenaniformes, Sedowichthys, Stensioellida, Tollichthys, Wangolepis, Yunnanacanthus
Subtaxa: Coccostei Heterostei Homostei
Ecology: nektonic carnivore