Parent taxon: Placodermi according to R. van der Laan 2019
See also Denison 1975, Denison 1978, Long 2011, Sepkoski 2002 and Young 2010
Sister taxa: Acanthothoraci, Acanthothoraciformes, Antiarchi, Arthrodira, Asiacanthus, Austroptyctodus, Bianchengichthys, Brindabellaspida, Campbellodus, Changyonophyton, Coccostei, Coelosteichthys, Cratoselachiidae, Deinodus, Entelognathus, Hybosteus, Neopetalichthys, Nessariostoma, Oestophorus, Petalichthida, Petalichthyida, Petalichthyida, Pseudopetalichthyida, Pseudopetalichthyiformes, Ptychostei, Ptyctodontida, Rhenaniformes, Sedowichthys, Stensioelliformes, Tollichthys, Wangolepis, Yunnanacanthus
Subtaxa: Asterosteidae Bolivosteus
Ecology: nektonic carnivore
Distribution:
• Devonian of Germany (3 collections), the Russian Federation (2)
Total: 5 collections each including a single occurrence