Parent taxon: Placodermi according to G. C. Young 2010
See also Denison 1975, Denison 1978, Long 2011 and Sepkoski 2002
Sister taxa: Acanthothoraci, Acanthothoraciformes, Antiarcha, Antiarchiformes, Arthrodira, Asiacanthus, Austroptyctodus, Brindabellaspida, Campbellodus, Changyonophyton, Coccostei, Coelosteichthys, Deinodus, Hybosteus, Neopetalichthys, Nessariostoma, Oestophorus, Petalichthida, Petalichthyida, Petalichthyida, Phyllolepida, Pseudopetalichthyida, Pseudopetalichthyiformes, Ptychostei, Ptyctodontida, Rhenaniformes, Sedowichthys, Stensioellida, Tollichthys, Wangolepis, Yunnanacanthus
Subtaxa: Asterosteidae Bolivosteus
Ecology: nektonic carnivore
Distribution:
• Devonian of Germany (3 collections), the Russian Federation (2)
Total: 5 collections each including a single occurrence