Full reference: H. F. Osborn. 1936. Proboscidea: A Monograph of the Discovery, Evolution, Migration and Extinction of the Mastodonts and Elephants of the World. Volume I: Moeritherioidea, Deinotherioidea, Mastodontoidea. The Proboscidea 1 & 2:1–802
Parent taxon: Proboscidea according to D.M. Alba et al. 2020
See also Carroll 1988, Koufos et al. 2003, McKenna 1975, Osborn 1936, Sanders et al. 2010 and Simpson 1945
Sister taxa: Arcanotherium, Barytherioidea, Caenobasileus, Caenobasileus tremontigerus, Choerolophodontidae, Cryptomastodon, Deinotherioidea, Dinotherioidea, Elephantiformes, Elephantimorpha, Eritherium, Euelephantoidea, Gomphotheriidae, Hemimastodontidae, Mastodontidae, Mastodontoidea, Moeritherioidea, Neodesmostylus, Phiomia, Plesielephantiformes, Saloumia
Subtaxa: Deinotheriidae
Ecology: ground dwelling grazer-browser
Distribution:
• Quaternary of Ethiopia (5 collections), Kenya (27), Tanzania (5)
• Pliocene to Pleistocene of Ethiopia (4), Kenya (1), Malawi (1)
• Pliocene of Ethiopia (12), Kenya (15), the Russian Federation (1), Senegal (1), Tanzania (6), Uganda (2), Ukraine (7)
• Turolian of Afghanistan (1), Bulgaria (3), Greece (4), Türkiye (1)
• Miocene to Pliocene of Ethiopia (1), Kenya (4), Pakistan (1), Romania (1)
• Miocene of Austria (8), Bulgaria (3), France (14), Georgia (3), Germany (8), Greece (10), Hungary (1), India (8), Iraq (1), Italy (1), Kazakhstan (1), Kenya (19), Lebanon (1), Moldova (4), Namibia (4), Nepal (4), Pakistan (24), Romania (1), Saudi Arabia (2), Slovakia (2), South Africa (1), Spain (5), Switzerland (1), Thailand (2), Türkiye (3), Uganda (3), Ukraine (8)
• Neogene of Kenya (1)
• Oligocene of Ethiopia (1), Kenya (1)
Total: 248 collections including 255 occurrences