Full reference: H. F. Osborn. 1921. The evolution, phylogeny, and classification of the Proboscidea. American Museum Novitates 1:1-15
Parent taxon: Proboscidea according to F. M. Bergounioux et al. 1953
See also Osborn 1921 and Osborn 1936
Sister taxa: Arcanotherium, Barytherioidea, Caenobasileus, Caenobasileus tremontigerus, Choerolophodontidae, Cryptomastodon, Deinotherioidea, Deinotherioidea, Dinotherioidea, Elephantiformes, Elephantimorpha, Eritherium, Euelephantoidea, Gomphotheriidae, Hemimastodontidae, Mastodontidae, Moeritherioidea, Neodesmostylus, Phiomia, Plesielephantiformes, Saloumia
Subtaxa: Bunomastodontidae
Ecology: ground dwelling grazer-browser
Distribution:
• Miocene to Pliocene of United States (1: California collection)
• Miocene of China (1)
Total: 2 collections each including a single occurrence