Gastropoda - Murchisoniina - Loxonematidae
Synonym: Holopellidae Koken 1896
Full reference: E. Koken. 1889. Ueber die Entwickelung der Gastropoden vom Cambrium bis zur Trias. Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geologie und Palaeontologie 6: 305–484. 6:305-484
Parent taxon: Loxonematoidea according to P. Bouchet et al. 2005
See also Cossmann 1909, Golikov and Starobogatov 1975, Horný 1953, Knight et al. 1960, Peel 1975 and Ponder and Warén 1988
Sister taxa: Acrospira, Crassimarginatidae, Palaeozygopleuridae, Scoliostomatidae, Soleniscidae, Spirostylidae, Vetotuba, Zygopleuridae
Subtaxa: Aulacostrepsis Australoxa Clathronema Cookiloxa Heideckernema Holopella Katoptychia Loxonema Nodoloxonema Omospirinae Perneratia Stylonema Tyrsoecus
Type: Loxonema
Ecology: facultatively mobile epifaunal suspension feeder
Distribution:
• Triassic of Algeria (1 collection), Austria (6), Bosnia and Herzegovina (2), China (9), Colombia (1), France (3), Germany (13), Greenland (4), Hungary (9), Indonesia (8), Italy (37), Mexico (1), New Zealand (2), Peru (1), Poland (1), Spain (7), United States (1: Idaho)
• Permian of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1), Brazil (1), China (1), Germany (3), Indonesia (1), Italy (6), Pakistan (5), Poland (2), the Russian Federation (6), the United Kingdom (10), United States (1: Texas)
• Carboniferous of China (1), Ireland (1), Morocco (1), Poland (1), the United Kingdom (2), United States (16: Alaska, California, Colorado, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Montana, Ohio, Utah)
• Givetian of France (2)
• Couvinien of Australia (1)
• Devonian of Algeria (1), Australia (39), Austria (10), Belgium (1), Canada (5: Manitoba, Northwest Territories), Czechia (10), Germany (18), Italy (3), Kazakhstan (13), Libya (1), Luxembourg (2), New Zealand (2), Poland (5), South Africa (1), the United Kingdom (6), United States (46: Alaska, California, Iowa, Maryland, Michigan, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania)
• Silurian to Devonian of Argentina (1), Australia (1), Austria (1), Pakistan (1)
• Silurian of Argentina (2), Australia (3), Austria (2), Canada (7: Northwest Territories, Ontario, Quebec), China (2), Czechia (13), Greenland (1), Norway (3), the Russian Federation (6), Sweden (4), the United Kingdom (39), United States (30: California, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Maryland, Michigan and Ohio, New York, Tennessee, Wisconsin)
• Ordovician to Silurian of Canada (1: Northwest Territories)
• Ordovician of Canada (28: Manitoba, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Ontario, Quebec), China (2), Czechia (2), Ireland (1), Norway (6), Sweden (3), the United Kingdom (15), United States (41: Alaska, Illinois, Iowa, Indiana, Kentucky, Minnesota, New York, Tennessee, Utah, Virginia)
Total: 546 collections including 713 occurrences