Full reference: K. A. v. Zittel. 1884. Handbuch der Palaeontologie. I. Abteilung Paleozoologie. II. Band. Mollusca und Arthropoda (Cephalopoda). 329-522
Parent taxon: Cephalopoda according to A. Pohle et al. 2022
See also Arkell et al. 1957, Boyle and Rodhouse 2005, Cecca 1997, Furnish et al. 2009, Hemming 1957, Kennedy and Klinger 1990, Kiessling 2003, Klinger and Kennedy 1984, Klinger and Kennedy 1989, Klinger and Kennedy 1992, Klinger and Kennedy 1993, Krystyn et al. 2019, Landman et al. 2007, Lehmann et al. 2016, Lukeneder and Lukeneder 2018, Meister and Friebe 2003, Nakada et al. 2021, Sarih et al. 2007, Sepkoski 2002, Shevyrev 2006, Smith 1927, Stanton 1895, Wild and Stilwell 2016, Wright et al. 1996, Zittel 1884 and Đaković 2017
Sister taxa: Actinoceratoidea, Akidocheilus, Anomalosaepiidae, Avramidiscus, Bactritoidea, Barrandeocerida, Belosaepia, Burronoceras, Coleoidea, Dartoceras, Davidiceras, Desmoceras, Didymoceras, Ectocochlia, Ellesmerocerida, Endoceratoidea, Endocycloceratidae, Erlangericheilus, Gonatocheilus, Hadrocheilus, Irianoceras, Lamellaptychus, Leptocheilus, Mesoteuthoidea, Multiceratoidea, Nautilia, Nautiloidea, Nautilus (Solenochilus), Ohioceratidae, Orthoceratoidea, Orthoceratoidea, Palaeoteuthis, Plectronoceratia, Plectronocerida, Rhyncholithes, Rhynchoteuthis, Robsonoceratidae, Scaptorrhynchus, Sichunoceras, Stemtonoceratidae, Tarphyceratia, Teratoceroides, Tetrabranchiata, Tillicheilus, Toxancyloceras, Werthenoceras, Yanhecerida
Subtaxa: Aequiloboidea Agoniatitida Ammonites hercules Ammonites ludovicus Ammonitida Aptychus Aulicostephanidae Ceratitida Clymeniida Cornaptychus Egrabensiceras Ellipsolithes Epimayites Eubranoceras Farbesiceras Forbescieras Globites Gomimonomeroceras Goniatitida Laevaptychus Laevicornaptychus Lenticeratidae Lilinthiceras Lytoceratida Lytocerida Medlicottiida Orbulites Pelagus Phylloceratida Phylloceratitida Phyllocerida Planulites Praeglyphioceratida Prolecanitida Pronoritida Proplanulitidae Psiloceratida Ptychoceratoidea Punctaptychus Rugaptychus Sidetes Spinaptychus Tornoceratida Tornocerida Trachyceratina Tropitoidea Yokoyamaceras
Ecology: fast-moving nektonic carnivore