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Mixosauridae
Taxonomy
Mixosauridae was named by Baur (1887). It is not extant.
It was assigned to Latipinnatoidea by Kuhn (1946); to Latipinnati by von Huene (1951); to Mixosauroidea by Appleby (1979); to Ichthyopterygia by Carroll (1988); to Mixosauria by McGowan and Motani (2003), Maisch (2010); to Ichthyosauria by Hay (1930), Kuhn (1971), Jiang et al. (2006), Jiang et al. (2007), Liu et al. (2013); to Hueneosauria by Maisch and Matzke (2000), Ji et al. (2016), Moon (2017), Moon (2019); and to Ichthyosauria by Sander (2000), Fang et al. (2024).
It was assigned to Latipinnatoidea by Kuhn (1946); to Latipinnati by von Huene (1951); to Mixosauroidea by Appleby (1979); to Ichthyopterygia by Carroll (1988); to Mixosauria by McGowan and Motani (2003), Maisch (2010); to Ichthyosauria by Hay (1930), Kuhn (1971), Jiang et al. (2006), Jiang et al. (2007), Liu et al. (2013); to Hueneosauria by Maisch and Matzke (2000), Ji et al. (2016), Moon (2017), Moon (2019); and to Ichthyosauria by Sander (2000), Fang et al. (2024).
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1887 | Mixosauridae Baur |
| 1930 | Mixosauridae Hay p. 124 |
| 1946 | Mixosauridae Kuhn p. 59 |
| 1951 | Mixosauridae von Huene p. 90 |
| 1971 | Mixosauridae Kuhn p. 21 |
| 1979 | Mixosauridae Appleby p. 944 |
| 1988 | Mixosauridae Carroll |
| 2000 | Mixosauridae Maisch and Matzke pp. 94, 95 |
| 2000 | Mixosauridae Sander |
| 2003 | Mixosauridae McGowan and Motani |
| 2006 | Mixosauridae Jiang et al. p. 61 |
| 2007 | Mixosauridae Jiang et al. |
| 2010 | Mixosauridae Maisch |
| 2013 | Mixosauridae Liu et al. |
| 2016 | Mixosauridae Ji et al. p. 8 |
| 2017 | Mixosauridae Moon |
| 2019 | Mixosauridae Moon p. 145 |
| 2024 | Mixosauridae Fang et al. p. 266 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Fm. †Mixosauridae Baur 1887
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G. †Mixosaurus Baur 1887
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†Mixosaurus cornalianus Bassani 1886
†Mixosaurus kuhnschneyderi Brinkmann 1998
†Mixosaurus luxiensis Fang et al. 2024
†Mixosaurus xindianensis Chen and Cheng 2010
Invalid names: Mixosaurus helveticus von Huene 1916 [nomen dubium], Mixosaurus intermedius von Huene 1916 [nomen dubium], Mixosaurus major Fraas 1891 [nomen dubium], Mixosaurus timorensis Broili 1931 [nomen dubium], Sangiorgiosaurus Brinkmann 1998 [synonym]
G. †Phalarodon Merriam 1910
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†Phalarodon atavus Quenstedt 1852
†Phalarodon callawayi Schmitz et al. 2004
†Phalarodon major Maisch and Matzke 2000
†Phalarodon nordenskioeldii Hulke 1873
Invalid names: Ancanamuninae Rusconi 1942 [empty], Mixosaurinae Baur 1887 [empty]
Diagnosis
| Reference | Diagnosis | |
|---|---|---|
| D.-Y. Jiang et al. 2006 | Premaxilla posteriorly pointed, lacking supranarial process; dorsal margin of orbit formed by supraorbital crest; skull roof distinguished by long sagittal crest on nasal, frontal, and parietal; enlarged anterior terraces of upper temporal opening reaching nasal; mid-caudal vertebral centra with significant height increase. | |
| D.-Y. Jiang et al. 2007 | "Premaxilla posteriorly narrow and nearly pointed, scarcely entering external naris; long sagittal crest reaching nasal; large anterior terrace of upper temporal fenestra, reaching nasal; pubis much larger than ischium; high, narrow neural spines; midcaudal vertebral centra with increased height." | |
| J. Liu et al. 2013 | Mixosauridae is differentiated from other ichthyosaurs by possessing the following combination of autapomorphies (modified after Maisch and Matzke 2000a; Sander 2000; McGowan and Motani 2003; Schmitz et al. 2004; Jiang et al. 2006): premaxilla posteriorly pointed (convergent in Qianichthyosaurus); long sagittal crest reaching nasal; large anterior terrace of upper temporal fenestra reaching nasal; pubis much larger than ischium; distinctly high, narrow neural spines extending to the caudal peak; mid-caudal vertebral centra with increased size (absent in some specimens of Mixosaurus cornalianus); posterior teeth apparently more robust than anterior ones (convergent in Chaohusaurus and Grippia, and absent in Mixosaurus cornalianus and Phalarodon atavus); a pronounced notch present between the deltopectoral crest and the humeral head; distal carpal 1 slightly larger than other distal carpals; three middle metacarpals flattened, relatively short but still retaining constricted shafts. | |
| C. Ji et al. 2016 | Premaxilla posteriorly pointed, without dorsal or ventral process, scarcely entering external naris; maxilla contact- ing prefrontal; nasal short, not contacting postfrontal; frontal dorsal exposure large; supraorbital crest on prefrontal and post- frontal present; parietal supratemporal process short; parietal ridge present; long sagittal crest reaching nasal, formed by parie- tal, frontal, and nasal; large anterior terrace of upper temporal fenestra, reaching nasal and exposure of upper temporal fenestra small; interclavicle posterior process triangular; metacarpal I peripheral shaft absent; manual pisiforms I and II present; pubis and ischium median symphysis present; pubis more than twice as large as ischium; remarkably high and narrow neural spines; mid-caudal vertebral centra with increased size. |