PBDB Taxon

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Amphicyon

Osteichthyes - Carnivora

Taxonomy

Amphicyon was named by Lartet (1836) [type European A. major; also said to be 1837].

It was assigned to Carnivora by Lydekker (1876); to Canidae by Bourguignat (1875), Rovereto (1914), Kuss (1965); to Amphicyonidae by Lartet (1836), Carroll (1988), Werdelin and Peigne (2010); to Amphicyonini by Morales et al. (2021); and to Amphicyoninae by Hunt (1998), Sach and Heizmann (2001), van der Hoek et al. (2022).

Species

A. (Euroamphicyon), A. ambiguus, A. argentinus, A. frendens, A. galushai, A. giganteus, A. gracilis, A. ingens, A. intermedius, A. lathanicus, A. laugnacensis, A. longiramus, A. major (syn. A. cultridens), A. olisiponensis, A. palaeindicus, A. pontoni, A. reinheimeri, A. riggsi, A. zhanxiangi

Species lacking formal opinion data

A. bohemicus, A. bohemicus, A. confucianus, A. cooperi, A. crassidens, A. dietrichi, A. gigateum, A. helbingi, A. iactorensis, A. mayor, A. socialis, A. steinheimensis, A. tairumensis

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1836	Amphicyon Lartet
1875	Amphicyon Bourguignat
1876	Amphicyon Lydekker
1914	Amphicyon Rovereto p. 150
1965	Amphicyon Kuss p. 22
1988	Amphicyon Carroll
1998	Amphicyon Hunt, Jr. p. 213
2001	Amphicyon Sach and Heizmann p. 28
2010	Amphicyon Werdelin and Peigne p. 605
2021	Amphicyon Morales et al.
2022	Amphicyon van der Hoek et al.

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
class	Osteichthyes
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota
subclass	Synapsida
—	Therapsida	()
infraorder	Cynodontia	()
—	Mammaliamorpha

Rank	Name	Author
—	Mammaliaformes
class	Mammalia
—	Cladotheria
—	Zatheria
subclass	Tribosphenida	()
subclass	Theria
—	Eutheria	()
—	Placentalia
—	Boreoeutheria
—	Laurasiatheria
—	Scrotifera
—	Ferae	()
—	Pancarnivora
—	Carnivoramorpha	Wyss and Flynn 1993
—	Carnivoraformes	Flynn et al.
order	Carnivora
suborder	Caniformia	Kretzoi 1943
subfamily	Amphicyonidae
subfamily	Amphicyoninae	Trouessart 1885
genus	Amphicyon	Lartet 1836

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. †Amphicyon Lartet 1836

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Subg. †Amphicyon (Euroamphicyon) Ginsburg 1999

†Amphicyon ambiguus Filhol 1877

†Amphicyon argentinus Ameghino 1904

†Amphicyon frendens Matthew 1924

†Amphicyon galushai Hunt, Jr. 2003

†Amphicyon giganteus Schinz 1825

†Amphicyon gracilis Pomel 1847

†Amphicyon ingens Matthew 1924

†Amphicyon intermedius White 1940

†Amphicyon lathanicus Ginsburg 2000

†Amphicyon laugnacensis Ginsburg 1999

†Amphicyon longiramus White 1942

†Amphicyon major De Blainville 1841

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†Amphicyon major major Blainville 1841

Invalid names: Amphicyon cultridens Pomel 1853 [objective synonym]

†Amphicyon major eppelsheimensis Weitzel 1930

†Amphicyon olisiponensis Antunes and Ginsburg 1977

†Amphicyon palaeindicus Falconer and Lydekker 1876

†Amphicyon pontoni Simpson 1930

†Amphicyon reinheimeri Cook 1926

†Amphicyon riggsi McGrew 1939

†Amphicyon zhanxiangi Jiangzuo et al. 2018

Diagnosis

Reference	Diagnosis
S. E. Kuss 1965	Caniden mit der Zahnformel 3-2 1 4 3/3-2 1 4 3 ,langem Schadel und schmalem Hinterhaupt. I mit oder ohne Nebenzacken. C stets mit innerer und hinterer Kante. P ± reduziert und durch Diasteme getrennt. p4 etwa so lang wie Mv sein vorderes Inneneck nur maBig betont, Tritoconus schwach bis fehlend. MI-2 groB, querverlangert, M2 nur wenig kleiner als MI, UmriB des MI subtriangular, UmriB des M2 subrectangular. Ma klein und variabel. MI stets mit Metaconid und Entoconid, sein Talonid nimmt tiber ein Drittel der Zahnlange ein. Metaconid des M2 niedriger als das Protoconid. Ma variabel. [Canids with the dental formula 3-2 1 4 3/3-2 1 4 3, long skull and narrow occiput. I with or without side points. C always with inner and rear edge. P ± reduced and separated by diastemas. p4 about as long as Mv, its anterior inner corner only moderately emphasized, tritoconus weak to absent. MI-2 large, transversely elongated, M2 only slightly smaller than MI, outline of MI subtriangular, outline of M2 subrectangular. Ma small and variable. MI always with metaconid and entoconid, its talonid takes up over a third of the tooth length. Metaconid of M2 lower than the protoconid. Ma variable.]
J. van der Hoek et al. 2022	Based on the robust dental elements, the diastemata between the premolars and the presence of an entoconid on the m1 (Viranta 1996), the Karacalar specimen can safely be attributed to the genus Amphicyon.