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Halitheriinae

Mammalia - Sirenia - Dugongidae

Taxonomy
Halitheriidae was named by Gill (1872). Its type is Halitherium.

It was reranked as the family Halitheriinae by Abel (1919), Simpson (1932), Reinhart (1959), Bizzotto (1983), Barnes et al. (1985), de Muizon and Domning (1985), Domning (1988), Pilleri et al. (1989), Domning (1994), Aranda-Manteca et al. (1994), Domning and Furusawa (1995), Sagne (2001) and Samonds and Zalmout (2009); it was reranked as the subfamily Halitheriinae by Abel (1913), Daxner-Hoeck (1971), Domning (1979), Carboni and Kotsakis (1983), Toledo and Domning (1991), Domning (1996), Bergqvist et al. (1999), Bianucci and Landini (2003), Bajpai et al. (2006), Domning (2008), Voss (2011), Domning and Pervesler (2012), Velez-Juarbe et al. (2012), Zalmout and Gingerich (2012), Sorbi et al. (2012), Velez-Juarbe and Domning (2014), Balaguer and Alba (2016), Domning (2018), Domning and Beatty (2019), Samonds et al. (2019), Carone and Rizzo (2020) and Iliopoulos et al. (2022).

It was assigned to Halicoroidea by Gill (1872); to Sirenia by Cope (1890); to Sirenia by Lydekker (1887), Cope (1889), Flower and Lydekker (1891) and Hay (1902); to Halicoridae by Abel (1913) and Abel (1919); to Trichechiformes by Hay (1930) and Kretzoi (1941); and to Dugongidae by Simpson (1932), Reinhart (1959), Daxner-Hoeck (1971), Domning (1979), Carboni and Kotsakis (1983), Bizzotto (1983), Barnes et al. (1985), de Muizon and Domning (1985), Domning (1988), Pilleri et al. (1989), Toledo and Domning (1991), Domning (1994), Aranda-Manteca et al. (1994), Domning and Furusawa (1995), Domning (1996), Bergqvist et al. (1999), Sagne (2001), Bianucci and Landini (2003), Bajpai et al. (2006), Domning (2008), Samonds and Zalmout (2009), Voss (2011), Domning and Pervesler (2012), Velez-Juarbe et al. (2012), Zalmout and Gingerich (2012), Sorbi et al. (2012), Velez-Juarbe and Domning (2014), Balaguer and Alba (2016), Domning (2018), Domning and Beatty (2019), Samonds et al. (2019), Carone and Rizzo (2020) and Iliopoulos et al. (2022).

Synonyms
Synonymy list
YearName and author
1868Halitherida Carus
1872Halitheriidae Gill p. 13
1873Pachyspondylus Brandt p. 347
1887Halitheriidae Lydekker p. 5
1889Halitheriidae Cope p. 876
1890Halitheriidae Cope p. 698
1891Halitheriidae Flower and Lydekker p. 89
1902Halitheriidae Hay p. 582
1913Halitheriinae Abel p. 358
1914Archaeosireninae Abel p. 217
1919Halitheriinae Abel p. 833
1930Halitheriidae Hay p. 655
1932Halitheriinae Simpson p. 423
1941Eotherioidinae Kretzoi p. 154
1941Halitheriidae Kretzoi p. 154
1941Metaxytheriinae Kretzoi p. 155
1941Prototheriidae Kretzoi p. 155
1941Eotherioidinae Kretzoi p. 385
1959Halianassinae Reinhart
1959Halitheriinae Reinhart p. 63
1971Halitheriinae Daxner-Hoeck p. 764
1973Eotherioididae Heal p. 19
1973Metaxytheriinae Heal p. 140
1979Halitheriinae Domning
1983Halitheriinae Bizzotto
1983Halitheriinae Carboni and Kotsakis p. 132
1985Halitheriinae Barnes et al. p. 33
1985Halitheriinae de Muizon and Domning p. 192
1988Halitheriinae Domning p. 399
1989Halitheriinae Pilleri et al. p. 17
1991Halitheriinae Toledo and Domning p. 133
1994Halitheriinae Aranda-Manteca et al. p. 192
1994Halitheriinae Domning p. 189
1995Halitheriinae Domning and Furusawa p. 506
1996Halitheriinae Domning p. 382
1999Halitheriinae Bergqvist et al. p. 31
2001Halitheriinae Sagne p. 473
2003Halitheriinae Bianucci and Landini p. 567
2006Halitheriinae Bajpai et al. p. 403
2008Halitheriinae Domning
2009Halitheriinae Samonds and Zalmout p. 1235
2011Halitheriinae Voss
2012Halitheriinae Domning and Pervesler p. 136
2012Halitheriinae Sorbi et al. p. 688
2012Halitheriinae Velez-Juarbe et al. p. 587
2012Halitheriinae Zalmout and Gingerich p. 37
2014Halitheriinae Velez-Juarbe and Domning p. 951
2016Halitheriinae Balaguer and Alba
2018Halitheriinae Domning p. 246
2019Halitheriinae Domning and Beatty p. 2
2019Halitheriinae Samonds et al. p. 8
2020Halitheriinae Carone and Rizzo
2022Halitheriinae Iliopoulos et al. p. 397

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
—Osteichthyes()
subclassSarcopterygii()
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha(Nelson 2006)
subclassTetrapodomorpha()
—Tetrapoda
—Reptiliomorpha
—Anthracosauria
subclassAmphibiosauriaKuhn 1967
—Cotylosauria()
—Amniota
subclassSynapsida
RankNameAuthor
—Therapsida()
infraorderCynodontia()
—Mammaliamorpha
—Mammaliaformes
classMammalia
—Cladotheria
—Zatheria
subclassTribosphenida()
subclassTheria
—Eutheria()
—Placentalia
—AfrotheriaStanhope et al. 1998
—Tethytheria
orderSirenia()
familyDugongidae
subfamilyHalitheriinae()
subfamilyHalitheriinae()

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Subfm. †Halitheriinae Gill 1872
show all | hide all
G. †Eosiren Andrews 1902
+
†Eosiren abeli Sickenberg 1934
†Eosiren imenti Domning et al. 1994
†Eosiren libyca Andrews 1902
†Eosiren stromeri Abel 1913
Invalid names: Archaeosiren Abel 1913 [synonym]
G. †Metaxytherium de Christol 1840
+
†Metaxytherium albifontanum Velez-Juarbe and Domning 2014
†Metaxytherium aquitaniae Pilleri 1987
†Metaxytherium arctodites Aranda-Manteca et al. 1994
†Metaxytherium crataegense Simpson 1932
+
Invalid names: Metaxytherium calvertense Kellogg 1966 [synonym]
+
Invalid names: Felsinotherium ossivallense Simpson 1932 [synonym]
†Metaxytherium krahuletzi Depéret 1895
+
Invalid names: Halianassa studeri Meyer 1837 [synonym], Metaxytherium argoviense Pilleri 1987 [synonym], Metaxytherium christoli Fitzinger 1899 [synonym], Metaxytherium krahuletzi excelsum Pilleri 1987 [invalid subgroup]
†Metaxytherium lovisati Capellini 1886
†Metaxytherium medium Desmarest 1822
+
Invalid names: Halitherium cuvieri de Christol 1832 [synonym], Haplosiren leganyii Kretzoi 1951 [synonym], Hippopotamus intermedius Holl 1829 [synonym], Manatus fossilis Holl 1829 [synonym], Metaxytherium catalaunicum Pilleri et al. 1989 [synonym], Metaxytherium cordieri de Christol in de Blainville 1844 [synonym], Metaxytherium petersi Abel 1904 [synonym]
†Metaxytherium riveroi Varona 1972
†Metaxytherium serresii Gervais 1847
+
Invalid names: Halitherium minor Cope 1883 [synonym]
+
Invalid names: Cheirotherium brochii de Blainville 1844 [synonym], Felsinotherium forestii Capellini 1872 [synonym], Felsinotherium gastaldi de Zigno 1878 [synonym], Felsinotherium gervaisi Capellini 1872 [synonym], Felsinotherium subalpinum Isel 1910 [synonym]
Invalid names: Cheirotherium Bruno 1839 [synonym], Felsinotherium Capellini 1872 [synonym], Felsinotherium gunteri Simpson 1932 [nomen nudum], Fucotherium Kaup 1840 [synonym], Halianassa [synonym], Halysiren Kretzoi 1941 [synonym], Haplosiren Kretzoi 1951 [synonym], Hesperosiren Simpson 1932 [synonym], Metaxytherium beaumontii de Christol 1844 [nomen dubium], Metaxytherium meyeri Abel 1904 [nomen dubium], Pontotherium Kaup 1840 [synonym], Thalattosiren Sickenberg 1928 [synonym]
G. †Prototherium de Zigno 1887
+
†Prototherium ausetanum Balaguer and Alba 2016
†Prototherium intermedium Bizzotto 1983
+
Invalid names: Prototherium montserratense Pilleri et al. 1989 [synonym], Prototherium solei Pilleri et al. 1989 [synonym]
†Prototherium veronense de Zigno 1875
+
Invalid names: Halitherium angustifrons de Zigno 1875 [synonym], Halitherium curvidens de Zigno 1875 [synonym], Paraliosiren suessi Abel 1906 [synonym], Protosiren dolloi Abel 1904 [synonym]
Invalid names: Mesosiren Abel 1906 [synonym], Paraliosiren Abel 1906 [synonym]
G. †Stegosiren Domning and Beatty 2019
+
†Stegosiren macei Domning and Beatty 2019
Invalid names: Archaeosireninae Abel 1914 [synonym], Eotherioidinae Kretzoi 1941 [synonym], Halianassinae Reinhart 1959 [synonym], Halitherida Carus 1868 [objective synonym], Metaxytheriinae Kretzoi 1941 [synonym], Pachyspondylus Brandt 1873 [nomen vanum], Prototheriidae Kretzoi 1941 [invalid subgroup]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available