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Hesperotestudo
Taxonomy
Testudo (Hesperotestudo) was named by Williams (1950). It is not extant.
It was Geochelone (Hesperotestudo) by Auffenberg (1962), Auffenberg (1963), Auffenberg (1971), Parris and Daeschler (1995); it was reranked as Hesperotestudo by Hutchison (1992), Hutchison (1996), Meylan and Sterrer (2000), Cisneros (2005), de la Fuente et al. (2014), Vlachos and Rabi (2018), Vlachos (2018), May (2019), Weems (2023).
It was assigned to Testudo by Williams (1950), Williams (1953), Milstead (1956); to Geochelone by Auffenberg (1962), Auffenberg (1963), Auffenberg (1971), Parris and Daeschler (1995); to Testudininae by Vlachos and Rabi (2018); to Testudinidae by Hutchison (1992), Hutchison (1996), Meylan and Sterrer (2000), Cisneros (2005), de la Fuente et al. (2014), Vlachos (2018), May (2019); and to Xerobatinae by Weems (2023).
It was Geochelone (Hesperotestudo) by Auffenberg (1962), Auffenberg (1963), Auffenberg (1971), Parris and Daeschler (1995); it was reranked as Hesperotestudo by Hutchison (1992), Hutchison (1996), Meylan and Sterrer (2000), Cisneros (2005), de la Fuente et al. (2014), Vlachos and Rabi (2018), Vlachos (2018), May (2019), Weems (2023).
It was assigned to Testudo by Williams (1950), Williams (1953), Milstead (1956); to Geochelone by Auffenberg (1962), Auffenberg (1963), Auffenberg (1971), Parris and Daeschler (1995); to Testudininae by Vlachos and Rabi (2018); to Testudinidae by Hutchison (1992), Hutchison (1996), Meylan and Sterrer (2000), Cisneros (2005), de la Fuente et al. (2014), Vlachos (2018), May (2019); and to Xerobatinae by Weems (2023).
Subtaxa
Eupachemys, Geochelone (Hesperotestudo) angusticeps, Geochelone (Hesperotestudo) orthopygia, Geochelone (Hesperotestudo) wilsoni, H. bermudae, H. crassiscutata (syn. Testudo sellardsi), H. ducateli, H. gilbertii, H. harrisi, H. orthopygia (syn. Xerobates cyclopygius, Geochelone nordensis, Testudo rexroadensis), H. osborniana (syn. Testudo impensa, Testudo arenivaga, Testudo farri, Caryoderma snovianum), H. turgida (syn. Testudo incisa, Geochelone johnstoni, Testudo riggsi, Geochelone alleni, Geochelone mlynarskii, Geochelone oelrichi, Testudo wilsoni), H. williamsi, Testudo tedwhitei
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1877 | Eupachemys Leidy |
| 1902 | Eupachemys Hay p. 448 |
| 1950 | Testudo (Hesperotestudo) Williams |
| 1953 | Testudo tedwhitei Williams p. 537 |
| 1953 | Testudo (Hesperotestudo) Williams p. 542 |
| 1956 | Testudo (Hesperotestudo) Milstead p. 168 |
| 1957 | Testudo tedwhitei Ray |
| 1962 | Geochelone (Hesperotestudo) Auffenberg p. 628 |
| 1963 | Geochelone (Caudochelys) Auffenberg p. 69 |
| 1963 | Geochelone (Caudochelys) tedwhitei Auffenberg p. 80 |
| 1963 | Geochelone (Hesperotestudo) Auffenberg p. 81 |
| 1971 | Geochelone (Hesperotestudo) Auffenberg p. 115 |
| 1992 | Hesperotestudo Hutchison |
| 1995 | Geochelone (Hesperotestudo) Parris and Daeschler p. 567 |
| 1996 | Hesperotestudo Hutchison p. 345 |
| 2000 | Hesperotestudo Meylan and Sterrer |
| 2005 | Hesperotestudo Cisneros p. 241 |
| 2014 | Hesperotestudo de la Fuente et al. |
| 2018 | Hesperotestudo Vlachos |
| 2018 | Hesperotestudo Vlachos and Rabi p. 663 |
| 2019 | Hesperotestudo May |
| 2023 | Hesperotestudo Weems |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
G. †Hesperotestudo Williams 1950
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†Geochelone (Hesperotestudo) angusticeps Matthew 1924
†Geochelone (Hesperotestudo) orthopygia Cope 1878
†Geochelone (Hesperotestudo) wilsoni Milstead 1956
†Hesperotestudo bermudae Meylan and Sterrer 2000
†Hesperotestudo ducateli Collins and Lynn 1936
†Hesperotestudo gilbertii Hay 1899
†Hesperotestudo harrisi Lichtig and Lucas 2022
†Hesperotestudo orthopygia Cope 1878
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Invalid names: Geochelone nordensis Holman 1973 [synonym], Testudo rexroadensis Oelrich 1952 [synonym], Xerobates cyclopygius Cope 1878 [synonym]
†Hesperotestudo osborniana Hay 1904
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Invalid names: Caryoderma snovianum Cope 1886 [synonym], Testudo arenivaga Hay 1906 [synonym], Testudo farri Hay 1908 [synonym], Testudo impensa Hay 1908 [synonym]
†Hesperotestudo turgida Cope 1892
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Invalid names: Geochelone alleni Auffenberg 1966 [synonym], Geochelone johnstoni Auffenberg 1962 [synonym], Geochelone mlynarskii Auffenberg 1988 [synonym], Geochelone oelrichi Holman 1972 [synonym], Testudo incisa Hay 1916 [synonym], Testudo riggsi Hibbard 1944 [synonym], Testudo wilsoni Milstead 1956 [synonym]
†Hesperotestudo williamsi Auffenberg 1964
Invalid names: Caudochelys Auffenberg 1963 [synonym], Eupachemys Leidy 1877 [nomen dubium], Testudo tedwhitei Williams 1953 [nomen dubium]
Diagnosis
| Reference | Diagnosis | |
|---|---|---|
| P. A. Meylan and W. Sterrer 2000 | North American land tortoises with very well developed dermal armour, with those ossicles over the tail united and, in combination with enlarged transverse processes of the caudal vertebrae, forming a caudal buckler (Auffenberg, 1963, 1974) or a tail club (DMNH 1600 and 1601); nuchal scute longer than wide; posteriorly excavated epiplastra; medially narrowed pectoral scutes; large inguinal scute in broad contact with femoral scute; transverse ridge (=commissural ridge) on premaxilla, median maxillary ridge and lingual ridge extending onto premaxilla; foramen praepalatinum obsolete; acromion process forming very large angle (110°) to body of scapula. |