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Plioplatecarpinae
Taxonomy
Plioplatecarpidae was named by Dollo (1884). It was considered monophyletic by Cuthbertson et al. (2007).
It was synonymized subjectively with Mosasauridae by Kuhn (1966); it was misspelled as Plioplatecarinae by Polcyn and Everhart (2008); it was reranked as the subfamily Plioplatecarpinae by Russell (1967), Thurmond (1969), Russell (1970), Welles and Gregg (1971), Thurmond and Jones (1981), Wright and Shannon (1988), Wiffen (1990), Páramo (1994), Holmes (1996), Lingham-Soliar (1996), Páramo-Fonseca (2000), Bardet et al. (2005), Polcyn and Bell (2005), Martin and Crame (2006), Cuthbertson et al. (2007), Fernández et al. (2008), Konishi et al. (2010), Konishi and Caldwell (2011), Konishi et al. (2012), Bell et al. (2013), Cuthbertson and Holmes (2015), Hornung et al. (2018), Driscoll et al. (2019), Strong et al. (2020), Kiernan and Ebersole (2023), Plasse et al. (2024), Rivera-Sylva et al. (2024).
It was assigned to Pythonomorpha by Zittel (1890); to Mosasauria by Kuhn (1946); to Natantia by Bardet et al. (2005); to Mosasauridae by Russell (1967), Thurmond (1969), Russell (1970), Welles and Gregg (1971), Thurmond and Jones (1981), Wright and Shannon (1988), Wiffen (1990), Páramo (1994), Holmes (1996), Lingham-Soliar (1996), Páramo-Fonseca (2000), Martin and Crame (2006), Fernández et al. (2008), Polcyn and Everhart (2008), Bell et al. (2013), Hornung et al. (2018), Driscoll et al. (2019), Strong et al. (2020), Rivera-Sylva et al. (2024); and to Russellosaurina by Polcyn and Bell (2005), Cuthbertson et al. (2007), Konishi et al. (2010), Konishi and Caldwell (2011), Konishi et al. (2012), Cuthbertson and Holmes (2015), Kiernan and Ebersole (2023), Plasse et al. (2024).
It was synonymized subjectively with Mosasauridae by Kuhn (1966); it was misspelled as Plioplatecarinae by Polcyn and Everhart (2008); it was reranked as the subfamily Plioplatecarpinae by Russell (1967), Thurmond (1969), Russell (1970), Welles and Gregg (1971), Thurmond and Jones (1981), Wright and Shannon (1988), Wiffen (1990), Páramo (1994), Holmes (1996), Lingham-Soliar (1996), Páramo-Fonseca (2000), Bardet et al. (2005), Polcyn and Bell (2005), Martin and Crame (2006), Cuthbertson et al. (2007), Fernández et al. (2008), Konishi et al. (2010), Konishi and Caldwell (2011), Konishi et al. (2012), Bell et al. (2013), Cuthbertson and Holmes (2015), Hornung et al. (2018), Driscoll et al. (2019), Strong et al. (2020), Kiernan and Ebersole (2023), Plasse et al. (2024), Rivera-Sylva et al. (2024).
It was assigned to Pythonomorpha by Zittel (1890); to Mosasauria by Kuhn (1946); to Natantia by Bardet et al. (2005); to Mosasauridae by Russell (1967), Thurmond (1969), Russell (1970), Welles and Gregg (1971), Thurmond and Jones (1981), Wright and Shannon (1988), Wiffen (1990), Páramo (1994), Holmes (1996), Lingham-Soliar (1996), Páramo-Fonseca (2000), Martin and Crame (2006), Fernández et al. (2008), Polcyn and Everhart (2008), Bell et al. (2013), Hornung et al. (2018), Driscoll et al. (2019), Strong et al. (2020), Rivera-Sylva et al. (2024); and to Russellosaurina by Polcyn and Bell (2005), Cuthbertson et al. (2007), Konishi et al. (2010), Konishi and Caldwell (2011), Konishi et al. (2012), Cuthbertson and Holmes (2015), Kiernan and Ebersole (2023), Plasse et al. (2024).
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
Year | Name and author |
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1884 | Plioplatecarpidae Dollo |
1890 | Plioplatecarpidae Zittel p. 619 |
1896 | Platecarpus somenensis Thevenin |
1946 | Plioplatecarpidae Kuhn p. 61 |
1952 | Platecarpus ptychodon Arambourg |
1967 | Plioplatecarpinae Russell p. 148 |
1967 | Platecarpus somenensis Russell p. 155 |
1969 | Plioplatecarpinae Thurmond p. 72 |
1969 | Platecarpus somenensis Thurmond p. 75 |
1970 | Plioplatecarpinae Russell p. 373 |
1971 | Plioplatecarpinae Welles and Gregg p. 52 |
1981 | Plioplatecarpinae Thurmond and Jones p. 158 |
1981 | Platecarpus somenensis Thurmond and Jones p. 160 |
1988 | Plioplatecarpinae Wright and Shannon p. 102 |
1990 | Plioplatecarpinae Wiffen p. 79 |
1994 | Plioplatecarpinae Páramo p. 65 |
1996 | Plioplatecarpinae Holmes p. 674 |
1996 | Plioplatecarpinae Lingham-Soliar |
2000 | Plioplatecarpinae Páramo-Fonseca p. 123 |
2005 | Plioplatecarpinae Bardet et al. |
2005 | Plioplatecarpinae Polcyn and Bell p. 323 |
2006 | Plioplatecarpinae Martin and Crame p. 113 |
2007 | Plioplatecarpinae Cuthbertson et al. |
2008 | Plioplatecarpinae Fernández et al. p. 183 |
2008 | Plioplatecarinae Polcyn and Everhart p. 14 |
2010 | Plioplatecarpinae Konishi et al. |
2011 | Plioplatecarpinae Konishi and Caldwell |
2012 | Plioplatecarpinae Konishi et al. |
2013 | Plioplatecarpinae Bell Jr. et al. p. 578 |
2015 | Plioplatecarpinae Cuthbertson and Holmes |
2018 | Plioplatecarpinae Hornung et al. p. 551 |
2019 | Platecarpus ptychodon Driscoll et al. |
2019 | Plioplatecarpinae Driscoll et al. |
2020 | Plioplatecarpinae Strong et al. p. 8 |
2023 | Plioplatecarpinae Kiernan and Ebersole p. 4 |
2024 | Plioplatecarpinae Plasse et al. p. 4 |
2024 | Plioplatecarpinae Rivera-Sylva et al. p. 4 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Subfm. †Plioplatecarpinae Dollo 1884
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G. †Ectenosaurus Russell 1967
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†Ectenosaurus clidastoides Merriam 1894
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Invalid names: Platecarpus oxyrhinus Merriam 1894 [synonym]
†Ectenosaurus shannoni Kiernan and Ebersole 2023
†Ectenosaurus tlemonectes Kiernan and Ebersole 2023
Unr. †Plioplatecarpini Russell 1967
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G. †Latoplatecarpus Konishi and Caldwell 2011
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†Latoplatecarpus nichollsae Cuthbertson et al. 2007
†Latoplatecarpus willistoni Konishi and Caldwell 2011
G. †Platecarpus Cope 1869
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†Platecarpus crassartus Cope 1871
†Platecarpus curtirostris Cope 1871
†Platecarpus planifrons Cope 1874
†Platecarpus tympaniticus Cope 1869
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Invalid names: Holcodus coryphaeus Cope 1871 [synonym], Lestosaurus felix Marsh 1872 [synonym], Lestosaurus gracilis Marsh 1872 [synonym], Lestosaurus latifrons Marsh 1872 [synonym], Lestosaurus simus Marsh 1872 [synonym], Liodon ictericus Cope 1870 [synonym], Liodon mudgei Cope 1870 [synonym]
Invalid names: Holcodus Gibbes 1851 [synonym], Holosaurus Marsh 1880 [synonym], Lestosaurus Marsh 1872 [synonym], Platecarpus affinis Leidy 1873 [nomen dubium], Platecarpus anguliferus Cope 1874 [nomen vanum], Platecarpus brachycephalus Loomis 1915 [nomen dubium], Platecarpus glandiferus Cope 1871 [nomen dubium], Platecarpus latispinus Cope 1871 [nomen dubium], Platecarpus tectulus Cope 1871 [nomen dubium], Sironectes Cope 1874 [synonym]
G. †Plesioplatecarpus Konishi and Caldwell 2011
G. †Plioplatecarpus Dollo 1882
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†Plioplatecarpus crassartus Cope 1871
†Plioplatecarpus houzeaui Dollo 1889
†Plioplatecarpus marshi Dollo 1882
†Plioplatecarpus peckensis Cuthbertson and Holmes 2015
†Plioplatecarpus primaevus Russell 1967
Invalid names: Oterognathus Dollo 1889 [synonym]
Unr. †Selmasaurini Longrich et al. 2024
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G. †Selmasaurus Wright and Shannon 1988
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†Selmasaurus johnsoni Polcyn and Everhart 2008
†Selmasaurus russelli Wright and Shannon 1988
G. †Yaguarasaurus Páramo 1994
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†Yaguarasaurus columbianus Páramo 1994
†Yaguarasaurus regiomontanus Rivera-Sylva et al. 2024
Invalid names: Platecarpus ptychodon Arambourg 1952 [nomen dubium], Platecarpus somenensis Thevenin 1896 [nomen dubium]
Diagnosis
Reference | Diagnosis | |
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C. R. Kiernan and J. A. Ebersole 2023 | Russellosaurines generally of medium size, mandible length rarely reaching 100 cm; quadrate ala laterally expanded with uniformly curved border, thin in the center; distinct alar concavity present immediately dorsal to mandibular condyle; surprastapedial process elongate, at least reaching mid-height of quadrate; process often ending with blunt terminus; canal(s) for basilar artery through basisphenoid
and basioccipital exiting as large opening(s) on medullary floor; jaws slender; a large foramina on lateroventral/ventral face of retroarticular process; marginal tooth crowns slender, distally tapering and posteromedially recurved from mid-height; middle and posterior tooth crowns typically bicarinate, two carinae aligned in anteroposterior orientation and dividing crown surface semi-equally; marginal tooth crown medially finely striated, laterally faceted or fluted to various extent; tooth crown with sub-circular basal cross-section; intermediate and terminal caudal centra horizontally short, centrum length not exceeding centrum height more than 1.5 times. |
Measurements
No measurements are available
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Source: f = family, c = class, subp = subphylum, uc = unranked clade | |||||
References: Carroll 1988, Hendy et al. 2009, Gervais 1852 |
Age range: base of the Late/Upper Cenomanian to the top of the Maastrichtian or 100.50000 to 66.00000 Ma
Collections (131 total)
Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
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Cretaceous | USA (Kansas) | Liodon ictericus (199538) | |
Late/Upper Cenomanian | Sweden | Plioplatecarpus sp. (70427) | |
Cenomanian - Turonian | Australia (Western Australia) | Plioplatecarpinae indet. (110535) | |
Late/Upper Cretaceous | Egypt | Platecarpus indet. (140710) | |
Late/Upper Cretaceous | USA (Texas) | Platecarpus sp. (106192) | |
Early/Lower Turonian | USA (Utah) | Sarabosaurus dahli (233570) | |
Late/Upper Turonian | Colombia (Huila) | Yaguarasaurus columbianus (122676 122680 122682 122683) | |
Late/Upper Turonian | Brazil | Platecarpus sp. (142100) | |
Middle Turonian | USA (Kansas) | Plioplatecarpini indet. (213527) | |
Middle Turonian - Late/Upper Turonian | Mexico (Nuevo Leon) | Yaguarasaurus regiomontanus (230590) | |
Turonian - Santonian | USA (Kansas) | Platecarpus abruptus (107339) Platecarpus ictericus (38720) Platecarpus sp. (38721) | |
Coniacian | Angola (Bengo) | Angolasaurus bocagei (60168) | |
Early/Lower Coniacian | USA (Texas) | Platecarpus coryphaeus (106188) | |
Early/Lower Coniacian | Colombia (Santander) | Yaguarasaurus columbianus (142085) | |
Early/Lower Coniacian | Brazil | Platecarpus sp. (126912) | |
Late/Upper Coniacian | USA (Kansas) | Ectenosaurus clidastoides (118156) Platecarpus coryphaeus, Platecarpus ictericus (118152) Platecarpus sp. (212963) | |
Coniacian - Santonian | USA (Kansas) | Liodon mudgei (199541) | |
Late/Upper Coniacian - Early/Lower Santonian | USA (Texas) | Platecarpus planifrons (151422) | |
Late/Upper Coniacian - Early/Lower Santonian | USA (Kansas) | Clidastes planifrons (123571) Platecarpus ictericus (215772) Platecarpus planifrons (123572 123574) | |
Late/Upper Coniacian - Early/Lower Campanian | USA (Kansas) | Ectenosaurus tlemonectes (232231) | |
Early/Lower Santonian | USA (Arkansas) | Platecarpus sp. (107639) | |
Early/Lower Santonian - Middle Santonian | USA (New Mexico) | Platecarpus sp. (52037) | |
Late/Upper Santonian | France (Aude) | Platecarpus sp. (233200) | |
Late/Upper Santonian | USA (Kansas) | Platecarpus tympaniticus (118338) | |
Late/Upper Santonian | France (Somme) | Platecarpus somenensis (141941) | |
Middle Santonian - Late/Upper Santonian | USA (Texas) | Ectenosaurus sp. (151427) | |
Santonian | Australia (Western Australia) | Platecarpus sp. (142716) | |
Santonian | USA (Kansas) | Ectenosaurus clidastoides (123577) Platecarpus planifrons (99385) Selmasaurus johnsoni (25071) | |
Santonian | USA (North Dakota) | Platecarpus sp. (107427) | |
Late/Upper Santonian - Early/Lower Campanian | USA (Alabama) | Platecarpus sp. (81972) Selmasaurus russelli (84188) | |
Late/Upper Santonian - Early/Lower Campanian | USA (Mississippi) | Platecarpus tympaniticus (98972) | |
Late/Upper Santonian - Middle Campanian | USA (Georgia) | Platecarpus sp. (35289) | |
Santonian - Maastrichtian | USA (Alabama) | Platecarpus sp. (107503) | |
Campanian | USA (Wyoming) | Platecarpus brachycephalus (105717) Platecarpus ictericus (107672 107675) | |
Campanian | USA (Kansas) | Platecarpus sp. (107677) | |
Campanian | USA (Montana) | Plioplatecarpus peckensis (194178) | |
Campanian | USA (South Dakota) | Platecarpus ictericus (109761) Platecarpus sp. (107678 107679) | |
Campanian | Canada (Manitoba) | Platecarpus sp. (36749) | |
Early/Lower Campanian | USA (North Carolina) | Platecarpus sp. (106277) | |
Early/Lower Campanian | USA (Texas) | Mosasauridae indet. (151430) Platecarpus somenensis (106189) | |
Early/Lower Campanian | Sweden (Skane) | Plioplatecarpus sp. (106409) | |
Early/Lower Campanian | Canada (Alberta) | Plioplatecarpinae indet. (153814) | |
Early/Lower Campanian | Canada (Northwest Territories) | Platecarpus ictericus (106328) Platecarpus sp. (106437) Plioplatecarpinae indet. (106331 106333 106336) | |
Early/Lower Campanian | Canada (Manitoba) | Platecarpus sp. (36746) Plioplatecarpus nichollsae (23366 96685) Plioplatecarpus nichollsae, Latoplatecarpus willistoni (36446) | |
Early/Lower Campanian | Germany | Plioplatecarpinae indet. (76843 127657) | |
Early/Lower Campanian | USA (Alabama) | Ectenosaurus shannoni (232232) | |
Early/Lower Campanian | Sweden (Skåne) | Platecarpus somenensis (102883) Platecarpus sp. (74334) | |
Early/Lower Campanian - Middle Campanian | USA (North Carolina) | Platecarpus sp. (57918) | |
Early/Lower Campanian - Middle Campanian | USA (South Dakota) | Platecarpus ictericus (107674) Platecarpus sp. (107642) Platecarpus sp., Platecarpus somenensis (107676) | |
Late/Upper Campanian | Germany (Niedersachsen) | Platecarpus sp. (31993) | |
Late/Upper Campanian | USA (Alabama) | Plioplatecarpus sp. (207338) | |
Late/Upper Campanian | USA (North Dakota) | Plioplatecarpus sp. (179297) | |
Late/Upper Campanian | USA (Wyoming) | Platecarpus sp. (107641) | |
Late/Upper Campanian | USA (Texas) | Plioplatecarpus sp. (106278) | |
Late/Upper Campanian | USA (South Dakota) | Plioplatecarpus primaevus (107704) | |
Late/Upper Campanian | Russian Federation (Volgograd) | Platecarpus sp. (59385) | |
Late/Upper Campanian | South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal) | Plioplatecarpinae indet. (230114) | |
Late/Upper Campanian | Canada (Saskatchewan) | Plioplatecarpus primaevus (23368) | |
Middle Campanian | USA (Mississipii) | Platecarpus sp., Plioplatecarpus sp. (234539) | |
Campanian - Early/Lower Maastrichtian | Saudi Arabia (Tabuk) | Plioplatecarpinae indet. (116314) | |
Campanian - Maastrichtian | Chile | Plioplatecarpinae indet. (237114) | |
Late/Upper Campanian - Early/Lower Maastrichtian | Syria | Plioplatecarpini indet. (117853 117854 117855) Plioplatecarpini indet., Platecarpus ptychodon (117850 117852 117857 117863) Plioplatecarpini indet., Plioplatecarpinae indet. (117849) | |
Late/Upper Campanian - Early/Lower Maastrichtian | Canada (Alberta) | Plioplatecarpus sp. (52076) | |
Late/Upper Campanian - Early/Lower Maastrichtian | Russian Federation (Volgograd) | Plioplatecarpus sp. (38075) | |
Late/Upper Campanian - Early/Lower Maastrichtian | Canada (Saskatchewan) | Plioplatecarpus primaevus (155307) | |
Early/Lower Maastrichtian | Antarctica | Plioplatecarpus sp. (141244) | |
Early/Lower Maastrichtian | Angola (Namibe) | Platecarpus ptychodon (106705) | |
Early/Lower Maastrichtian | Morocco | Platecarpus ptychodon (116902 116903) | |
Early/Lower Maastrichtian | Canada (Alberta) | Plioplatecarpus sp. (14502) | |
Early/Lower Maastrichtian | Belgium | Plioplatecarpus houzeaui (82892) | |
Late/Upper Maastrichtian | Antarctica (Isla Marambio) | Plioplatecarpus sp. (235930) | |
Late/Upper Maastrichtian | Morocco (Khouribga) | Khinjaria acuta (230233) | |
Late/Upper Maastrichtian | Antarctica | Plioplatecarpus sp. (215568) | |
Late/Upper Maastrichtian | Netherlands (Limburg) | Plioplatecarpus marshi (138726) | |
Late/Upper Maastrichtian | Argentina (Río Negro) | Plioplatecarpus sp. (140998) | |
Late/Upper Maastrichtian | Denmark | Plioplatecarpus sp. (140267 140268) | |
Late/Upper Maastrichtian | USA (North Dakota) | Plioplatecarpus sp. (231459) | |
Late/Upper Maastrichtian | Morocco | Platecarpus ptychodon (99627 213665 213666) Platecarpus ptychodon, Gavialimimus almaghribensis (123268) | |
Late/Upper Maastrichtian | Jordan | Platecarpus sp. (170239) | |
Late/Upper Maastrichtian | Spain (Burgos) | Platecarpus ictericus (176782) | |
Maastrichtian | Nigeria (Sokoto) | Goronyosaurus nigeriensis (98105 104944) | |
Maastrichtian | USA (South Dakota) | Platecarpus sp. (99710) | |
Maastrichtian | Niger (Tahoua) | Platecarpus sp., Plioplatecarpus sp., Angolasaurus sp., Mosasauridae indet. (104945) | |
Maastrichtian | Jordan | Platecarpus ptychodon (13366) | |
Maastrichtian | Australia (Western Australia) | Plioplatecarpinae indet. (41538) | |
Maastrichtian | Congo-Kinshasa | Plioplatecarpus sp. (142145) | |
Maastrichtian | USA (North Dakota) | Plioplatecarpus sp. (231457 231469) | |
Late/Upper Maastrichtian - Early/Lower Paleocene | USA (New Jersey) | Plioplatecarpus sp. (26819) |