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Ensis (razor clam)

Bivalvia - Solenida - Pharidae

Taxonomy
Ensis was named by Schumacher (1817) [Sepkoski's age data: T Than-l R Sepkoski's reference number: 914]. It is extant.

It was assigned to Solenidae by Glenn (1904); to Cultellidae by Mukerjee (1939), Ward and Blackwelder (1987), Wienrich (1999); to Veneroida by Sepkoski (2002); and to Pharidae by Moore (2003), Schneider et al. (2005), Nielson and Valdovinos (2008).

Synonymy list
YearName and author
1817Ensis Schumacher
1904Ensis Glenn p. 291
1939Ensis Mukerjee p. 13
1987Ensis Ward and Blackwelder p. 130
1999Ensis Wienrich p. 245
2002Ensis Sepkoski
2003Ensis Moore
2005Ensis Schneider et al. p. 101
2008Ensis Nielson and Valdovinos p. 206

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Protostomia
—Spiralia
superphylumLophotrochozoa
phylumMollusca
classBivalvia
—Eubivalvia
subclassAutobranchia(Groblen 1894)
RankNameAuthor
infraclassHeteroconchia(Gray 1854)
—CardiomorphiFerussac 1822
—CardioniFerussac 1822
—CardiidiaFerussac 1822
—SolenataDall 1889
orderSolenidaDall 1889
superfamilySolenoidea(Lamarck 1809)
familyPharidaeAdams and A 1858
genusEnsisSchumacher 1817

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. Ensis Schumacher 1817 [razor clam]
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Ensis directus Conrad 1844
†Ensis ensiformis Conrad 1843
Ensis macha Molina 1782
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Invalid names: Solen gladiolus Gray 1839 [synonym]
Ensis minor Dall 1899
Ensis myrae Berry 1953 [California jackknife clam]
Ensis nitidus Clessin 1888
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Invalid names: Ensis californicus Dall 1899 [synonym]
†Ensis schmidti Olsson 1914
†Ensis tropicalis Hertlein and Strong 1955
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: aragonitec
Locomotion: facultatively mobileg
Life habit: infaunalg
Diet: suspension feederg
Vision: blindc
Comments: LIFE HISTORY: IS, MA, UN, SU according to Todd (2001).g
Created: 2009-09-09 14:22:33
Modified: 2009-09-09 16:22:33
Source: g = genus, c = class
References: Aberhan et al. 2004, Sanchez Roig 1926

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Maastrichtian to the top of the Holocene or 72.20000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 66.0 Ma

Collections (163 total)


Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Maastrichtian72.2 - 66.0USA (Texas) Ensis sp. (205541)
Bartonian41.03 - 37.71Peru (Piura) Ensis sp. (52527)
Bartonian41.03 - 37.71USA (Alabama) Ensis sp. (205489)
Chattian27.3 - 23.04Denmark (Jylland) Ensis hausmanni (9170)
Early/Lower Miocene23.04 - 15.98USA (New Jersey) Ensis directus (59335 59723 59736 59752 92757)
Early/Lower Miocene23.04 - 15.98India Ensis sp. (72084 76573 76574)
Early/Lower Miocene23.04 - 15.98Northern Mariana Islands Ensis sp. (43371)
Miocene23.04 - 5.333USA (Maryland) Ensis ensiformis (125939)
Burdigalian20.45 - 15.98USA (Delaware) Ensis directus (18579)
Burdigalian20.45 - 15.98Germany Ensis hausmanni (111599) Ensis sp. (164944)
Burdigalian20.45 - 15.98USA (Florida) Ensis directus (42482 42663)
Langhian15.98 - 13.82USA (Maryland) Ensis ensiformis (69023)
Middle Miocene15.98 - 11.63Germany (North Rhein-Westfalia) Ensis hausmanni (61895 61896 61902) Ensis sp. (62888)
Middle Miocene15.98 - 11.63Bulgaria Ensis rollei (60288)
Middle Miocene - Early/Lower Pliocene15.98 - 3.6Chile (Copiapó) Ensis sp. (222872)
Badenian13.82 - 12.8Belgium Ensis hausmanni (95167)
Serravallian13.82 - 11.63USA (Maryland) Ensis ensiformis (79111) Ensis sp. (79107 79353)
Serravallian13.82 - 11.63USA (Florida) Ensis directus (42886 42891 111204) Ensis sp. (68970)
Tortonian11.63 - 7.246Belgium Ensis sp. (77863 77864 77868 77869 77871)
Tortonian11.63 - 7.246Dominican Republic Ensis sp. (74935)
Tortonian11.63 - 7.246Panama Ensis sp. (187583)
Late/Upper Miocene11.63 - 5.333USA (Virginia) Ensis directus (79751 79752 79754)
Late/Upper Miocene11.63 - 5.333USA (Maryland) Ensis directus (69032)
Tortonian - Piacenzian11.63 - 2.58USA (California) Ensis sp. (188305)
Early/Lower Pliocene5.333 - 3.6Italy Ensis sp. (78335 78338)
Early/Lower Pliocene5.333 - 3.6USA (South Carolina) Ensis directus (60939)
Zanclean5.333 - 3.6USA (South Carolina) Ensis directus (60940)
Zanclean5.333 - 3.6Belgium Ensis hausmanni (86801 86802) Ensis sp. (126155)
Early/Lower Pliocene - Late/Upper Pliocene5.333 - 2.58Costa Rica Ensis tropicalis (124268 124271)
Pliocene5.333 - 2.58USA (North Carolina) Ensis directus (79248 79249)
Zanclean - Piacenzian5.333 - 2.58Netherlands (Noord-Brabant) Ensis sp., Ensis hausmanni (59003)
Late/Upper Pliocene3.6 - 2.58Peru Ensis sp. (97650)
Late/Upper Pliocene3.6 - 2.58USA (Florida) Ensis directus (80037)
Late/Upper Pliocene3.6 - 2.58USA (Virginia) Ensis ensiformis (78261 78262 78265)
Late/Upper Pliocene3.6 - 2.58USA (North Carolina) Ensis directus (58893 58894 58895 68979 79341 79342 79343) Ensis sp. (69018)
Late/Upper Pliocene3.6 - 2.58United Kingdom (England) Solen gladiolus (84759 84764)
Late/Upper Pliocene3.6 - 2.58Chile Ensis sp. (79204 79205 79206 79207)
Piacenzian3.6 - 2.58USA (California) Ensis myrae (122752)
Piacenzian3.6 - 2.58Belgium Ensis hausmanni (86803 86806) Ensis hausmanni, Ensis complanatus (86804 86805)
Piacenzian3.6 - 2.58Peru Ensis macha (219107)
Gelasian2.58 - 1.8USA (North Carolina) Ensis directus (71138)
Gelasian2.58 - 1.8Belgium Ensis complanatus (86807)
Early/Lower Pleistocene2.58 - 0.774USA (North Carolina) Ensis directus (58897 60988 69043 79339 79340 80034) Ensis veritis (80035)
Early/Lower Pleistocene2.58 - 0.774Chile Ensis macha (89241)
Early/Lower Pleistocene2.58 - 0.774United Kingdom (England) Ensis siliqua (97968) Ensis sp. (97967)
Early/Lower Pleistocene2.58 - 0.774USA (South Carolina) Ensis directus (60944)
Pleistocene2.58 - 0.0117USA (Delaware) Ensis directus (66703)
Pleistocene2.58 - 0.0117USA (New York) Ensis directus (66377 66379 66381)
Pleistocene2.58 - 0.0117USA (South Carolina) Ensis directus (80053)
Pleistocene2.58 - 0.0117USA (New Jersey) Ensis directus (66603 66604 66612 66614 66616 66618 66621 66624)
Pleistocene2.58 - 0.0117Chile (Copiapó) Ensis macha (222837)
Pleistocene2.58 - 0.0117USA (California) Ensis californicus (201624 237610)
Pleistocene2.58 - 0.0117USA (Virginia) Ensis directus (7108)
Calabrian1.8 - 0.774Peru (Ica) Ensis macha (219105)
Middle Pleistocene0.774 - 0.129Ireland Ensis siliqua (178118)
Middle Pleistocene0.774 - 0.129USA (North Carolina) Ensis directus (91459 91462)
Middle Pleistocene0.774 - 0.129USA (Florida) Ensis minor (67069)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117USA (Maine) Ensis directus (66338)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117USA (California) Ensis californicus (59063 96566)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117USA (Maryland) Ensis directus (66706 66721)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117USA (Virginia) Ensis directus (57702 57705 57706 69049 80132)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117USA (Massachusetts) Ensis directus (61268 61269 66359)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117Türkiye Ensis sp. (78332)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117USA (Florida) Ensis directus (69040)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117Portugal (Azores) Ensis minor (128470)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117Peru (Moquegua) Ensis macha (43708 43710)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117Peru Ensis macha (76643)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117USA (New Jersey) Ensis directus (92753)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117USA (North Carolina) Ensis directus (66742 66746 66748 66749 66750 66751 66752 66754 69047)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117Canada (Newfoundland and Labrador) Ensis directus (75526)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117USA (South Carolina) Ensis directus (60930 69046 79705 79706 79707 79956 79957) Ensis directus, Ensis minor (66758 66760)
Holocene0.0117 - 0.0France Ensis sp. (56803)
Holocene0.0117 - 0.0Argentina Ensis macha (71604)
Holocene0.0117 - 0.0USA (Louisiana) Ensis minor (41935 41940 92774 92776)