Basic info Taxonomic history Classification Included Taxa
Morphology Ecology and taphonomy External Literature Search Age range and collections

Spiraculata

Blastoidea

Taxonomy
Spiraculata was named by Jaekel (1918). It is not extant. It was considered polyphyletic by Waters and Horowitz (1993).

It was reranked as the superorder Spiraculata by Waters and Horowitz (1993).

It was assigned to Blastoidea by Macurda (1964), Beaver et al. (1967), Waters and Horowitz (1993), Sepkoski (2002).

Subtaxa
Granatocrinida, Kadiskoblastus, Malchiblastus, Monoblastus, Monoschizablastus, Nucleocrinida, Pentremitida, Tanablastus, Troosticrinida, Uyguroblastus, Xinjiangoblastus
Sister taxa
Granatocrinida, Nucleocrinida, Pentremitida, Troosticrinida
Entered
by J. Sepkoski on 2003-01-23; modified by D. Mathieson on 2013-04-30

Synonymy list
YearName and author
1918Spiraculata Jaekel p. 107
1964Spiraculata Macurda, Jr. p. 106
1967Spiraculata Beaver et al. p. S416
1993Spiraculata Waters and Horowitz p. 212
2002Spiraculata Sepkoski

Is something missing? Join the Paleobiology Database and enter the data

RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Deuterostomia
—Ambulacraria
RankNameAuthor
phylumEchinodermata
subphylumBlastozoa
classBlastoideaSay 1825
superorderSpiraculata(Jaekel 1918)
superorderSpiraculata(Jaekel 1918)

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Superor. †Spiraculata Jaekel 1918
show all | hide all
Or. †Granatocrinida Bather 1900
hide
Fm. †Granatocrinidae Fay 1961
+
G. †Arcuoblastus Macurda 1977
+
†Arcuoblastus shumardi Macurda 1977
G. †Carpenteroblastus Rowley 1901
G. †Cribroblastus Hambach 1903
+
†Cribroblastus cornutus Meek and Worthen 1861
G. †Cryptoblastus Etherridge, Jr. and Carpender 1886
+
†Cryptoblastus granulosus Meek and Worthen 1865
†Cryptoblastus melo Owen and Shand 1850
†Cryptoblastus pisum Cline 1937
†Cryptoblastus rowleyi Cline 1937
†Cryptoblastus shumardi Meek and Worthern 1866
G. †Decemoblastus Macurda 1977
+
†Cribroblastus melonoides Meek and Worthen 1869
†Decemoblastus melonoides Meek and Worthen 1869
G. †Deliablastus Ausich and Meyer 1988
+
†Deliablastus cumberlandensis Ausich and Meyer 1988
G. †Dentiblastus Macurda, Jr 1964
+
†Dentiblastus macurdai Ausich and Meyer 1988
†Dentiblastus sirius Macurda, Jr 1964
G. †Euryoblastus Ausich and Meyer 1988
+
†Euryoblastus veryi Ausich and Meyer 1988
G. †Gongyloblastus Macurda, Jr and Racheboeuf 1975
+
†Gongyloblastus armoricanus Macurda, Jr and Racheboeuf 1975
G. †Granatocrinus Hall 1862
+
†Granatocrinus cornutus Meek and Worthen 1861
†Granatocrinus glaaber Meek and Worthen 1869
+
Invalid names: Granatocrinus cidariformis Troost 1849 [synonym], Orbitremites oppelti Rowley 1902 [synonym]
†Granatocrinus pisum Meek and Worthen 1869
Invalid names: Granatocrinites Troost 1849 [synonym]
G. †Heteroblastus Etheridge, Jr. and Carperter 1886
G. †Mesoblastus Etheridge Jr and Carpenter 1886
+
†Mesoblastus angulatus Sowerby 1828
†Mesoblastus crenulatus Roemer 1851
†Mesoblastus elongatus Cumberland 1826
G. †Monadoblastus Fay 1961
+
G. †Perittoblastus Ausich and Meyer 1988
+
†Perittoblastus liratus Ausich and Meyer 1988
G. †Poroblastus Fay 1961
+
†Poroblastus granulosus Meek and Worthen 1865
G. †Ptychoblastus Fay 1960
G. †Pyramiblastus Macurda, Jr. 1964
+
†Pyramiblastus fusiformis Wachsmuth and Springer 1888
G. †Tanaoblastus Fay 1961
+
†Tanaoblastus roemeri Shumard 1855
G. †Xyeleblastus Ausich and Meyer 1988
+
†Xyeleblastus magnificus Ausich and Meyer 1988
G. †Iranoblastus Flugel 1966
+
†Iranoblastus nodosus Flugel 1966
Fm. †Schizoblastidae Etheridge, Jr. and Carpenter 1886
+
G. †Acentrotremites Etheridge, Jr. and Carpenter 1883
+
†Acentrotremites ellipticus Breimer and Macurda, Jr. 1972
G. †Auloblastus Beaver 1961
+
†Auloblastus clinei Beaver 1961
G. †Deltoblastus Fay 1961
+
†Deltoblastus batheri Wanner 1924
†Deltoblastus permicus Wanner 1924
†Deltoblastus pseudodelta Wanner 1924
†Deltoblastus sevastopuloi Webster et al. 2025
Invalid names: Schizoblastus molengraaffi sebotensis Wanner 1924 [synonym]
G. †Hydroblastus Sumrall et al. 2009
+
†Hydroblastus hendyi Sumrall et al. 2009
G. †Lophoblastus Rowley 1901
+
†Lophoblastus neglectus Meek and Worthen 1869
G. †Orbiblastus Macurda 1965
+
†Orbiblastus hoskyni Macurda 1965
G. †Pinguiblastus Waters et al. 2011
+
G. †Schizoblastus Etheridge, Jr. and Carpenter 1882
+
†Schizoblastus bather Wanner 1924
†Schizoblastus sayi Shumard 1855
G. †Malchiblastus McKellar 1966
hide
†Malchiblastus australis Etheridge 1892
Or. †Nucleocrinida Waters and Horowitz 1993
hide
Fm. †Nucleocrinidae Bather 1899
+
G. †Elaeacrinus Roemer 1851
+
†Elaeacrinus verneuili Troost 1841
G. †Nucleocrinus Conrad 1842
+
†Nucleocrinus bosei Sumrall et al. 2009
†Nucleocrinus elegans Conrad 1842
†Nucleocrinus obovatus Barris 1883
G. †Placoblastus Fay 1961
+
†Placoblastus obovatus Barris 1883
Or. †Pentremitida Matsumoto 1929
hide
Fm. †Ambolostomatidae Horowitz et al. 1986
+
G. †Ambolostoma Peck 1930
+
†Ambolostoma baileyi Peck 1930
Fm. †Conuloblastidae Bohatý et al. 2024
+
G. †Conuloblastus Breimer and Dop 1975
+
†Conuloblastus malladae Etheridge and Carpenter 1883
+
Invalid names: Cordyloblastus alejensis Briemer 1970 [synonym]
G. †Hreggoblastus Bohatý et al. 2024
+
†Hreggoblastus differentialis Bohatý et al. 2024
Fm. †Hyperoblastidae Fay 1964
+
G. †Absensoblastus Bohatý et al. 2024
+
†Absensoblastus batheri Breimer and Dop 1975
+
Invalid names: Cordyloblastus malladai Breimer 1971 [synonym]
G. †Altusoblastus Bohatý et al. 2024
+
+
Invalid names: Cordyloblastus junkerbergiana Hauser 2016 [synonym]
†Altusoblastus eremitus Bohatý et al. 2024
†Altusoblastus palliolatus Bohatý et al. 2024
†Altusoblastus roemeri Etheridge and Carpenter 1886
+
Invalid names: Pentremites eifeliensis Roemer 1855 [synonym]
†Altusoblastus schultzei Etheridge and Carpenter 1886
G. †Calycoblastus Wanner 1924
+
†Calycoblastus tricavatus Wanner 1924
†Calycoblastus tricavatus Wanner 1924
Subfm. †Eleutherocrininae Bather 1899
+
G. †Eleutherocrinus Shumard and Yandell 1856
+
†Eleutherocrinus cassedayi Shumard and Yandell 1856
Subfm. †Hyperoblastinae Fay 1964
+
G. †Devonoblastus Reimann 1935
+
†Devonoblastus whiteavesi Riemann 1935
G. †Petaloblastus Fay 1961
+
†Petaloblastus ovalis Goldfuss 1829
G. †Sinopetaloblastus Lane et al. 1997
+
†Sinopetaloblastus grabaui Waters et al. 2003
†Sinopetaloblastus jinxingae Lane et al. 1997
G. †Hyperoblastus Fay 1961
+
†Hyperoblastus acutangulus Schultze 1866
†Hyperoblastus angulatus Etheridge and Carpenter 1882
†Hyperoblastus clavatus Schultze 1866
†Hyperoblastus emuhaensis Waters et al. 2003
†Hyperoblastus filosa Whiteaves 1889
†Hyperoblastus gilbertsoni Etheridge and Carpenter 1886
+
Invalid names: Cordyloblastus giganteum Hauser and Landeta 2013 [synonym]
†Hyperoblastus goldringae Reimann 1935
†Hyperoblastus ludwigi Bohatý et al. 2024
†Hyperoblastus wachsmuthi Etheridge and Carpenter 1886
G. †Pentahedronoblastus Bohatý et al. 2024
+
†Pentahedronoblastus giesdorfensis Bohatý et al. 2024
Fm. †Orbitremitidae Bather 1899
+
G. †Doryblastus Fay 1961
G. †Ellipticoblastus Fay 1960
+
G. †Globoblastus Hambach 1903
+
†Globoblastus norwoodi Owen and Shumard 1850
G. †Houiblastus Lane 1997
G. †Monoschizoblastus Cline 1936
+
†Monoschizoblastus rofei Etheridge and Carpenter 1882
G. †Nodoblastus Fay 1963
G. †Orbitremites Austin and Austin 1842
+
†Orbitremites norwoodi Owen and Shumard 1850
Fm. †Pentremitidae d'Orbigny 1851
+
G. †Cordyloblastus Fay 1961
G. †Montanablastus Sprinkle and Gutschick 1990
G. †Pentremites Say 1820
+
†Pentremites aridus Webster and Lane 1970
†Pentremites clavatus Hambach 1880
†Pentremites conoideus Hall 1856
†Pentremites cristalensis Macurder 1964
†Pentremites elongatus Shumard 1855
†Pentremites godoni Defrance 1819
†Pentremites kirki Hambach 1903
†Pentremites pentremites Hernon 1935
†Pentremites pulchellus Ulrich 1917
†Pentremites rusticus Hambach 1903
†Pentremites stelliformis Owen and Shumard 1850
G. †Pentremoblastus Fay and Koenig 1963
+
†Pentremoblastus conicus Fay and Koeing 1963
†Pentremoblastus subovalis Fay and Koenig 1963
G. †Rhopaloblastus Wanner 1924
+
†Rhopaloblastus belfordi Crockford and Brown 1940
†Rhopaloblastus cuspidus Webster and Jell 1992
G. †Strongyloblastus Fay 1962
+
Or. †Troosticrinida Bather 1900
hide
Fm. †Troosticrinidae Bather 1899
+
Subfm. †Belocrininae Horowitz et al. 1986
+
G. †Belocrinus Munier-Chalmas 1881
G. †Diploblastus Fay 1961
+
†Diploblastus diploblastus Feldman 1987
†Diploblastus glaber Meek and Worthen 1869
Subfm. †Ropaloblastinae Fay 1964
+
G. †Ropaloblastus Fay 1964
Subfm. †Troosticrininae Bather 1899
+
G. †Costatoblastus Sprinkle and Gutschick 1967
+
†Costatoblastus sappingonensis Sprinkle and Gutschick 1967
G. †Metablastus Etheridge, Jr. and Carpenter 1886
+
†Metablastus wachsmuthi Gurley 1884
†Metablastus wortheni Hall 1858
G. †Schizotremites Reimann 1945
G. †Tricoelocrinus Meek and Worthen 1868
+
†Tricoelocrinus woodmani Meek and Worthen 1868
G. †Troosticrinus Shumard 1866
+
†Troosticrinus reinwardti Troost 1835
Invalid names: Calycoblastinae Fay 1964 [empty]
Invalid names: Diploblastidae Fay 1964 [empty]
G. †Uyguroblastus Lane et al. 1997
hide
†Uyguroblastus conicus Lane et al. 1997
G. †Xinjiangoblastus Lane et al. 1997
hide
†Xinjiangoblastus ornatus Lane et al. 1997
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: high Mg calcitep
Ontogeny: accretion, addition of partsp
Environment: marinep
Locomotion: stationaryc
Attached: yesc
Life habit: intermediate-level epifaunalc
Diet: suspension feederc
Vision: blindc
Dispersal: waterp
Dispersal 2: planktonicp
Created: 2004-02-28 15:52:18
Modified: 2010-02-09 11:56:54
Source: c = class, p = phylum
References: Aberhan 1992, Aberhan et al. 2004

Age range: base of the Wenlock to the top of the Roadian or 432.90000 to 266.90000 Ma

Collections (274 total)

Oldest occurrences

Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Wenlock432.9 - 426.7USA (Kentucky) Troosticrinus reinwardti (230538)
Wenlock432.9 - 426.7USA (Indiana) Troosticrinus sanctipaulensis (26771)
Ludlow426.7 - 422.7USA (Missouri) Troosticrinus minimus (26822)
Ludfordian425.0 - 422.7USA (Tennessee) Troosticrinus reinwardti (157401)
Emsian - Givetian410.62 - 382.31Morocco Hyperoblastus clavatus (208245)
Late/Upper Emsian399.5 - 393.47Germany Altusoblastus sp. 2 (238329)
Late/Upper Emsian399.5 - 393.47Spain (Asturias) Hreggoblastus differentialis (39706)
Late/Upper Emsian399.5 - 393.47Spain Absensoblastus batheri (238331) Hyperoblastus wachsmuthi (144738) Metablastus hispanica (223347) Pentremitidea malladae, Hyperoblastus angulatus (238337)
Early/Lower Eifelian393.47 - 390.5Germany (Eifel) Altusoblastus sp. 1 (222844)
Early/Lower Eifelian393.47 - 390.5Germany (Rheinland-Pfalz) Altusoblastus palliolatus (229154)

Youngest occurrences
Time interval Ma Country or state PBDB collection number
Sakmarian293.52 - 290.1Australia (Western Australia) Rhopaloblastus cuspidus (120562) Rhopaloblastus sp. (95195)
Artinskian290.1 - 283.3Oman Deltoblastus delta (77176)
Artinskian290.1 - 283.3Indonesia Deltoblastus delta, Schizoblastus permicus, Deltoblastus batheri (118268)
Artinskian290.1 - 283.3Australia (New South Wales) Calycoblastus sp. (42680)
Artinskian - Kungurian290.1 - 274.4Indonesia Deltoblastus sp. (152122)
Artinskian - Wuchiapingian290.1 - 254.14Oman Deltoblastus molengraaffi (275576)
Kungurian283.3 - 274.4Australia (Queensland) Rhopaloblastus belfordi (101561)
Kungurian283.3 - 274.4Oman Deltoblastus sevastopuloi (275574)
Kungurian - Roadian283.3 - 266.9Oman Deltoblastus pseudodelta (275575)
Roadian274.4 - 266.9Australia (New South Wales) Tricoelocrinus belfordi (150826 150827)