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Ilex (holly)
Taxonomy
Ilex was named by Linnaeus (1753). It is extant. Its type is Ilex aquifolium.
It was assigned to Ilicaceae by Knowlton (1919); and to Aquifoliaceae by Berchtold and Presl (1825), Lakhanpal et al. (1976), Chauhan (1991) and Liu et al. (1996).
It was assigned to Ilicaceae by Knowlton (1919); and to Aquifoliaceae by Berchtold and Presl (1825), Lakhanpal et al. (1976), Chauhan (1991) and Liu et al. (1996).
Species
I. affinis, I. amboyensis (syn. I. ovata), I. aquifolium (type species), I. armata, I. asiatica, I. borealis, I. calvertensis, I. cassine, I. cornuta, I. cuneifolia, I. dakotensis, I. dipyrena, I. dissimilis, I. dodonaea, I. elongata, I. eolignitica, I. florissantensis (syn. I. microphylla), I. glabra, I. grandifolia, I. insignis, I. integrifolia, I. knightiaefolia (syn. I. rigida), I. leonis (syn. I. quercifolia), I. maculata, I. masoni, I. microphylla, I. microphyllina (syn. I. microphylla), I. opaca, I. ovata, I. papillosa, I. prunifolia, I. pseudostenophylla, I. quercifolia, I. scudderi, I. severnensis, I. sphenophylla, I. strangulata, I. subdenticulata, I. verticillata, I. vomitoriafolia, I. wightiana, I. wyomingiana
Species lacking formal opinion data
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1753 | Ilex Linnaeus |
| 1825 | Ilex Berchtold and Presl |
| 1919 | Ilex Knowlton |
| 1976 | Ilex Lakhanpal et al. |
| 1991 | Ilex Chauhan |
| 1996 | Ilex Liu et al. |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
G. Ilex Linnaeus 1753 [holly]
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†Ilex affinis Lesquereux 1871
Ilex aquifolium Linnaeus 1753
†Ilex armata Lesquereux 1891
Ilex asiatica Linnaeus 1753
†Ilex borealis Heer 1883
†Ilex calvertensis Berry 1916
Ilex cassine Linnaeus 1753
Ilex cornuta Lindley and Paxton 1851
Ilex cuneifolia Linnaeus 1753
†Ilex dakotensis Lesquereux 1891
Ilex dipyrena Wallich 1820
†Ilex dissimilis Lesquereux 1878
Ilex dodonaea Linnaeus 1753
†Ilex elongata Newberry 1895
†Ilex eolignitica Berry 1916
†Ilex florissantensis Knowlton and Cockerell 1919
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Invalid names: Ilex microphylla Lesquereux 1883 [replaced]
Ilex glabra Gray 1856
†Ilex grandifolia Lesquereux 1883
†Ilex insignis Heer 1869
Ilex integrifolia Elliott 1850
†Ilex maculata Lesquereux 1883
†Ilex masoni Lesquereux 1891
Ilex microphylla Hooker 1862
†Ilex microphyllina Knowlton and Cockerell 1919
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Invalid names: Ilex microphylla Newberry 1882 [replaced]
Ilex opaca Aiton 1789
†Ilex ovata Göppert 1852
†Ilex papillosa Lesquereux 1891
†Ilex prunifolia Lesquereux 1878
†Ilex pseudostenophylla Lesquereux 1883
Ilex quercifolia Meerburgh 1798
†Ilex scudderi Lesquereux 1891
†Ilex severnensis Berry 1911
†Ilex sphenophylla Heer 1873
†Ilex strangulata Lesquereux 1875
†Ilex subdenticulata Lesquereux 1873
Ilex verticillata Linnaeus 1753
†Ilex vomitoriafolia Berry 1916
Ilex wightiana Wallich 1856
†Ilex wyomingiana Lesquereux 1878
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: p = phylum | |||||
| Reference: Kiessling 2009 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Middle Cenomanian to the top of the Holocene or 99.60000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 93.9 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 93.9 Ma
Collections (154 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cenomanian | USA (Utah) | Ilex serrata (31968) | |
| Middle Cenomanian - Late/Upper Cenomanian | USA (Utah) | Ilex serrata (103148) | |
| Late/Upper Santonian | Canada (Alberta) | Ilex mammillata (35093) | |
| Paleocene | USA (Colorado) | Ilex artocarpidioides (39893 39899) | |
| Tertiary | Japan (Aichi) | Ilex subcornuta (22819) | |
| Tertiary | Japan (Nagano) | Ilex sp. (22815) | |
| Eocene | USA (Missouri) | Ilex spp. (231931 231932) | |
| Eocene | Japan (Yamaguchi) | Ilex nagatoensis (24463 24465 24481) | |
| Priabonian | USA (Washington) | Ilex opaca (22901) | |
| Chadronian | USA (Colorado) | Ilex knightiaefolia (24209) | |
| Rupelian | Czech Republic | Ilex castelii (31643) | |
| Rupelian - Chattian | Germany (Saxony) | Ilex tenuicostata (25581) Ilex tenuicostata, Ilex zenkeri (24922) | |
| Oligocene - Miocene | USA (Maryland) | Ilex sp. (231836) | |
| Late/Upper Oligocene | USA (Virginia) | Ilex sp. (231708) | |
| Chattian | Azerbaijan | Ilex sp. (116637) | |
| Aquitanian | Azerbaijan | Ilex sp. (116623) | |
| Aquitanian | Canada (Northwest Territories) | Ilex sp. (21371) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene | Panama | Ilex sp. (32392 32394 32395 32396 32397) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene - Burdigalian | USA (Vermont) | Ilex sp. (22776) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene - Late/Upper Miocene | Brazil (Bahia) | Ilex bahiana (32009) | |
| Miocene | USA (Maryland) | Ilex sp. (231834 231835) | |
| Miocene | Japan (Aichi) | Ilex sp. (22820) | |
| Miocene | China (Zhejiang) | Ilex cornuta (224041) | |
| Miocene | Costa Rica | Ilex sp. (31168) | |
| Miocene | Switzerland (Zürich) | Ilex parschlugiana (46324) | |
| Miocene | USA (Idaho) | Ilex idahoensis (35278) | |
| Miocene | USA (Massachusetts) | Ilex sp. (231784 231797 231798 231824 231825 231826) | |
| Miocene - Pliocene | Bolivia | Ilex sp. (34363) | |
| Miocene - Pliocene | Japan (Nagano) | Ilex rotunda, Ilex serrata (22796) | |
| Burdigalian | Germany (Bayern) | Ilex lotschii, Ilex oderensis, Ilex ovidrupacea, Ilex saxonica (28280) Ilex saxonica (28284) | |
| Hemingfordian | Panama | Ilex sp. (32455) | |
| Barstovian - Clarendonian | USA (Nebraska) | Ilex sp. (23401) | |
| Langhian | USA (Virginia) | Ilex sp. (79793) | |
| Langhian | Germany (Brandenburg) | Ilex ovidrupacea (23062) Ilex ovidrupacea, Ilex saxonica (23060) Ilex paralusatica (23049 23052) | |
| Langhian - Serravallian | Poland (Silesia) | Ilex aquifolium (28442) Ilex sp. (28443) | |
| Middle Miocene | Russian Federation | Ilex sp. (45451) | |
| Serravallian | Germany (Brandenburg) | Ilex lotschii (23059) Ilex lusatica (27512) Ilex ovidrupacea, Ilex paralusatica (23058) Ilex paralusatica (22899 23050 23355) Ilex paralusatica, Ilex ovidrupacea, Ilex saxonica, Ilex lotschii (23054) Ilex paralusatica, Ilex saxonica, Ilex ovidrupacea, Ilex wiesaensis (23055) Ilex saxonica, Ilex paralusatica, Ilex lotschii, Ilex ovidrupacea (23056) Ilex sp. (23611) | |
| Serravallian | Germany (Saxen) | Ilex saxonica, Ilex ovidrupacea (22898) | |
| Serravallian | USA (Virginia) | Ilex sp. (126605 187324) | |
| Serravallian - Tortonian | Germany (Brandenburg) | Ilex sp. (27064) | |
| Tortonian - Messinian | Germany (North Rhine Westphalia) | Ilex fortunensis (27922) Ilex jonkeri, Ilex saxonica (27919) Ilex saxonica (27927) Ilex thuringiaca (27918) | |
| Tortonian - Messinian | Japan (Gunma) | Ilex serrata (21225 21258 21265 21270) | |
| Tortonian - Messinian | Germany (North Rhine) | Ilex aquifolium (28117) Ilex protogaea (27923 27930 28118) Ilex saxonica (28046 28057 28133) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Germany (North Rhine Westphalia) | Ilex saxonica (27928) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | China (Yunnan) | Ilex sp. (222695) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene - Early/Lower Pliocene | France (Elsass) | Ilex cantalensis, Ilex fortunensis, Ilex wiesaensis (21222) | |
| Messinian - Zanclean | Germany (Sachsen) | Ilex aquifolium (27277) | |
| Early/Lower Pliocene | Japan (Aichi) | Ilex sp. (168063) | |
| Zanclean | Germany (North Rhine) | Ilex ahrensii, Ilex brachyptera, Ilex fortunensis, Ilex jonkeri (28134) | |
| Pliocene | Portugal | Ilex aquifolium (232112 232121 232122 232124 232125 232144 232145 232146 232148) | |
| Pliocene | Panama | Ilex sp. (32304 32306 32307 32308 32311 32312) | |
| Zanclean - Piacenzian | Germany (Thuringia) | Ilex protogaea, Ilex thuringiaca (22771) | |
| Zanclean - Pliocene | Germany (North Rhine) | Ilex ahrensii, Ilex brachyptera, Ilex fortunensis, Ilex jonkeri, Ilex sp. (28171) | |
| Pliocene - Pleistocene | Italy (Umbria) | Ilex aquifolium (51756) Ilex protogea (51757 51758) | |
| Piacenzian - Zanclean | Germany (North Rhine) | Ilex fortunensis, Ilex sp., Ilex aquifolium (28197) | |
| Late/Upper Pliocene | China (Yunnan) | Ilex sp. (224402) | |
| Late/Upper Pliocene | Japan (Mie) | Ilex sp. (34496) | |
| Piacenzian | USA (Florida) | Ilex sp. (22712) | |
| Piacenzian | Germany (North Rhine) | Ilex ahrensii, Ilex fortunensis, Ilex jonkeri, Ilex thuringiaca (28198) | |
| Piacenzian | Germany (Thuringia) | Ilex aquifolium (22779 22781) Ilex thuringiaca (22780) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | Australia (Victoria) | Ilex indet. (172830 172833 172836 172837 172855 172867 172868 172871 172873 172877 172879 172881 172883 172884) | |
| Pleistocene | Australia (Queensland) | Ilex sp. (168822 168889 168890 168891 168892) | |
| Quaternary | Panama | Ilex sp. (32309) | |
| Quaternary | India (Tamil Nadu) | Ilex sp. (228848 228849) Ilex wightiana (228792) | |
| Quaternary | India (Himachal Pradesh) | Ilex dipyrena (228760) Ilex sp., Ilex dipyrena (228761) | |
| Calabrian | USA (Virginia) | Ilex sp. (104698) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Japan (Kyoto) | Ilex cornuta (224408) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | India (Assam) | Ilex sp. (228759) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (Florida) | Ilex glabra (34269) | |
| Holocene | India (Uttarakhand) | Ilex sp. (228762 228763 228773) | |
| Holocene | India (Tamil Nadu) | Ilex sp. (228788) | |
| Holocene | Australia (Queensland) | Ilex sp. (168937) | |
| Holocene | Bahamas (Great Abaco Island) | Ilex sp. (144662) |