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Mixosaurus
Taxonomy
Mixosaurus was named by Baur (1887) [Sepkoski's age data: Tr Anis-l Tr Ladi-u Sepkoski's reference number: 2,1066]. It is the type genus of Mixosaurinae. It was considered monophyletic by Motani (1999).
It was assigned to Mixosauria by Motani (1999); to Ichthyosauria by Sepkoski (2002); to Mixosaurinae by Merriam (1908), Hay (1930), Maisch and Matzke (2001) and Maisch (2010); and to Mixosauridae by von Huene (1951), Appleby (1967), Kuhn (1971), Appleby (1979), Carroll (1988), Callaway and Brinkman (1989), Sander (2000), Maisch and Matzke (2000), McGowan and Motani (2003), Jiang et al. (2006), Liu et al. (2013), Ji et al. (2016) and Fang et al. (2024).
It was assigned to Mixosauria by Motani (1999); to Ichthyosauria by Sepkoski (2002); to Mixosaurinae by Merriam (1908), Hay (1930), Maisch and Matzke (2001) and Maisch (2010); and to Mixosauridae by von Huene (1951), Appleby (1967), Kuhn (1971), Appleby (1979), Carroll (1988), Callaway and Brinkman (1989), Sander (2000), Maisch and Matzke (2000), McGowan and Motani (2003), Jiang et al. (2006), Liu et al. (2013), Ji et al. (2016) and Fang et al. (2024).
Species
Species lacking formal opinion data
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1887 | Mixosaurus Baur |
| 1891 | Mixosaurus major Fraas |
| 1908 | Mixosaurus Merriam p. 88 |
| 1916 | Mixosaurus helveticus von Huene figs. Plate 4, Fig. 9-10; Plate 5 Fig. 1-4 |
| 1916 | Mixosaurus intermedius von Huene |
| 1916 | Mixosaurus helveticus von Huene p. 19 |
| 1916 | Mixosaurus intermedius von Huene p. 19 figs. Plates 6-8 |
| 1916 | Mixosaurus major von Huene p. 20 |
| 1930 | Mixosaurus Hay p. 124 |
| 1931 | Mixosaurus timorensis Broili |
| 1951 | Mixosaurus von Huene p. 90 |
| 1967 | Mixosaurus Appleby p. 137 |
| 1971 | Mixosaurus Kuhn p. 21 |
| 1971 | Mixosaurus helveticus Kuhn p. 22 |
| 1971 | Mixosaurus intermedius Kuhn p. 22 |
| 1971 | Mixosaurus major Kuhn p. 22 |
| 1979 | Mixosaurus Appleby p. 944 |
| 1988 | Mixosaurus Carroll |
| 1989 | Mixosaurus Callaway and Brinkman p. 1493 |
| 1998 | Sangiorgiosaurus Brinkmann p. 132 |
| 1999 | Mixosaurus Motani fig. 1 |
| 2000 | Mixosaurus Maisch and Matzke pp. 62, 95 |
| 2000 | Mixosaurus Sander |
| 2001 | Mixosaurus Maisch and Matzke p. 442 |
| 2002 | Mixosaurus Sepkoski |
| 2003 | Mixosaurus McGowan and Motani |
| 2006 | Mixosaurus Jiang et al. p. 62 |
| 2010 | Mixosaurus Maisch |
| 2013 | Mixosaurus Liu et al. |
| 2016 | Mixosaurus Ji et al. p. 9 |
| 2024 | Mixosaurus Fang et al. p. 266 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
G. †Mixosaurus Baur 1887
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†Mixosaurus cornalianus Bassani 1886
†Mixosaurus kuhnschneyderi Brinkmann 1998
†Mixosaurus luxiensis Fang et al. 2024
†Mixosaurus xindianensis Chen and Cheng 2010
Invalid names: Mixosaurus helveticus von Huene 1916 [nomen dubium], Mixosaurus intermedius von Huene 1916 [nomen dubium], Mixosaurus major Fraas 1891 [nomen dubium], Mixosaurus timorensis Broili 1931 [nomen dubium], Sangiorgiosaurus Brinkmann 1998 [synonym]
Diagnosis
| Reference | Diagnosis | |
|---|---|---|
| R. M. Appleby 1979 | "As set out by von Huene (1956) except that the pubis may or may not have a foramen." | |
| M. W. Maisch and A. T. Matzke 2000 | "Small mixosaurids not exceeding 25 cm skull length and 1,5 m total length, tooth implantation subthecodontous to aulacodontous, no plicidentine, orbit very large, postorbital skull segment only about one quarter of anteroposterior orbital diameter in length, sagittal crest low, not protruding far above dorsal skull outline, postaxial sixth finger of forefin rudimentary." | |
| D.-Y. Jiang et al. 2006 | Humerus relatively short and wide, being about as long as broad; maxilla with dental groove. | |
| C. Ji et al. 2016 | Posterior tooth crown rounded rather than conical. | |
| Y.-W. Fang et al. 2024 | Centrum height/length ratio moderately increased in the mid-caudal region, but not exceeding a value of 3.0 (centrum height/length index significantly increased in the mid-caudal region to a value of over 3.0 in Phalarodon); interclavicle T-shaped with transversal bars perpendicular to the posterior process (interclavicle V-shaped, with posterior process triangular and broad, and transversal bars triangular, narrow and projecting anterolaterally in Phalarodon); humerus relatively broad with proximodistal length subequal to anteroposterior width (humerus narrow, proximodistally longer than anteroposteriorly wide in Phalarodon). |
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: o = order | |||||
| Reference: Kiessling 2004 | |||||
Age range: Pelsonian or 247.20000 to 242.00000 Ma
Collections (12 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Triassic | Germany (Aargau) | M. helveticus (214578) | |
| Triassic | Germany (Bavaria) | M. intermedius (214577) | |
| Anisian | China (Yunnan) | M. kuhnschnyderi (196553) M. luxiensis (235296) | |
| Illyrian | Italy | Ichthyosaurus cornalianus (149323) | |
| Illyrian | USA (Nevada) | M. natans (102473) | |
| Illyrian | Switzerland | M. cornalianus (175949) | |
| Pelsonian | China (Guizhou) | M. xindianensis (104825) | |
| Anisian - Ladinian | USA (Nevada) | M. sp. (102378 102379) | |
| Anisian - Ladinian | Switzerland (Kanton Tessin) | M. sp. (86837) | |
| Anisian - Ladinian | Switzerland | M. sp., Sangiorgiosaurus sp. (13344) |