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Procolophonidae
Taxonomy
Procolophonidae was named by Lydekker (1889) [see note on p. 1032 in Sues & Reisz (2008, J. Vert. Paleont. 28(4))]. Its type is Procolophon. It was considered monophyletic by Modesto and Damiani (2007) and Säilä (2008).
It was assigned to Diadectiformes by Hay (1930); to Diadectomorpha by Kuhn (1946); to Diadectomorpha by Colbert (1946) and Price (1947); to Procolophonia by Haughton and Brink (1954); to Procolophonomorpha by Romer (1964); to Procolophonomorpha by Kuhn (1971); to Cotylosauria by Gow (1977); to Testudinomorpha by Laurin and Reisz (1995); to Parareptilia by Gow (2000); to Procolophonoidea by Spencer and Benton (2000); to Procolophonia by Modesto and Damiani (2003); to Procolophonia by Kuhn (1966), Colbert and Kitching (1975), Small (1997) and Ivakhnenko (2008); and to Procolophonoidea by Lavina (1983), Carroll (1988), Lee (1995), Lee (1997), Modesto et al. (2002), Modesto and Damiani (2007), Cisneros (2008), Säilä (2008), Sues and Reisz (2008), Hamley et al. (2020), Skinner et al. (2020) and Butler et al. (2023).
It was assigned to Diadectiformes by Hay (1930); to Diadectomorpha by Kuhn (1946); to Diadectomorpha by Colbert (1946) and Price (1947); to Procolophonia by Haughton and Brink (1954); to Procolophonomorpha by Romer (1964); to Procolophonomorpha by Kuhn (1971); to Cotylosauria by Gow (1977); to Testudinomorpha by Laurin and Reisz (1995); to Parareptilia by Gow (2000); to Procolophonoidea by Spencer and Benton (2000); to Procolophonia by Modesto and Damiani (2003); to Procolophonia by Kuhn (1966), Colbert and Kitching (1975), Small (1997) and Ivakhnenko (2008); and to Procolophonoidea by Lavina (1983), Carroll (1988), Lee (1995), Lee (1997), Modesto et al. (2002), Modesto and Damiani (2007), Cisneros (2008), Säilä (2008), Sues and Reisz (2008), Hamley et al. (2020), Skinner et al. (2020) and Butler et al. (2023).
Subtaxa
Acadiella, Coletta, Contritosaurus, Eomurruna, Estheriophagus, Eumetabolodon, Gomphiosauridion, Haligonia, Kitchingnathus, Koiloskiosaurus, Lasasaurus, Leptopleuroninae, Myognathus, Neoprocolophon, Oryporan, Paoteodon, Pentaedrusaurus, Procolophoninae, Procolophonoides, Sauropareion, Smilodonterpeton, Spondylolestes, Spondylolestidae, Suchonosaurus, Teratophon, Thelegnathus, Thelegnathus browni, Thelephon, Thelerpeton, Tichvinskia (syn. Burtensia), Youngetta
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1889 | Procolophonidae Lydekker p. 1065 |
| 1905 | Thelegnathus Broom p. 274 |
| 1905 | Thelegnathus browni Broom p. 274 |
| 1913 | Thelegnathus Broom |
| 1913 | Thelegnathus browni Broom |
| 1930 | Procolophonidae Hay p. 36 |
| 1939 | Thelegnathus Huene p. 508 |
| 1939 | Thelegnathus browni Huene p. 508 |
| 1946 | Procolophonidae Colbert p. 237 |
| 1946 | Thelegnathus Colbert p. 259 |
| 1946 | Thelegnathus browni Colbert p. 259 |
| 1946 | Procolophonidae Kuhn p. 55 |
| 1947 | Procolophonidae Price pp. 10, 19 |
| 1954 | Procolophonidae Haughton and Brink p. 3 |
| 1960 | Paoteodon Chow and Sun p. 12 |
| 1960 | Paoteodon huanghoensis Chow and Sun p. 12 figs. 1, 2 |
| 1964 | Procolophonidae Romer p. 719 |
| 1966 | Procolophonidae Kuhn p. 17 |
| 1971 | Procolophonidae Kuhn p. 9 |
| 1975 | Procolophonidae Colbert and Kitching p. 3 |
| 1977 | Procolophonidae Gow p. 110 |
| 1977 | Thelegnathus Gow p. 110 |
| 1977 | Thelegnathus browni Gow p. 110 fig. 1 |
| 1979 | Spondylolestinae Ivakhnenko |
| 1983 | Spondylolestinae Ivakhnenko p. 131 |
| 1983 | Procolophonidae Lavina p. 53 |
| 1988 | Paoteodon Carroll |
| 1988 | Procolophonidae Carroll |
| 1988 | Thelegnathus Carroll |
| 1995 | Procolophonidae Laurin and Reisz p. 172 |
| 1995 | Procolophonidae Lee pp. 508, 511 fig. 22 |
| 1997 | Procolophonidae Lee pp. 256, 260 fig. 22 |
| 1997 | Procolophonidae Small p. 674 |
| 2000 | Procolophonidae Gow p. 21 |
| 2000 | Procolophonidae Spencer and Benton p. 161 |
| 2000 | Spondylolestinae Spencer and Benton p. 161 |
| 2002 | Procolophonidae Modesto et al. p. 891 fig. 4 |
| 2002 | Thelegnathus Modesto et al. p. 891 fig. 4 |
| 2003 | Procolophonidae Modesto and Damiani p. 54 |
| 2007 | Procolophonidae Modesto and Damiani p. 338 |
| 2008 | Procolophonidae Cisneros p. 14 |
| 2008 | Spondylolestidae Ivakhnenko p. 51 |
| 2008 | Procolophonidae Ivakhnenko p. 54 |
| 2008 | Procolophonidae Sues and Reisz p. 1032 |
| 2008 | Procolophonidae Säilä p. 1202 fig. 4 |
| 2020 | Procolophonidae Hamley et al. |
| 2020 | Procolophonidae Skinner et al. |
| 2023 | Procolophonidae Butler et al. |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Fm. †Procolophonidae Lydekker 1889
show all | hide all
G. †Contritosaurus Ivakhnenko 1974
G. †Estheriophagus Novozhilov 1948
Subfm. †Leptopleuroninae Ivakhnenko 1979
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G. †Kapes Ivakhnenko 1975
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†Kapes amaenus Ivakhnenko 1975
†Kapes bentoni Spencer and Storrs 2002
†Kapes komiensis Ivakhnenko 1975
Invalid names: Macrophon Ivakhnenko 1975 [synonym]
G. †Leptopleuron Owen 1851
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†Leptopleuron lacertinum Owen 1851
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Invalid names: Telerpeton elginense Mantell 1852 [objective synonym]
Invalid names: Telerpeton Mantell 1852 [objective synonym]
G. †Sclerosaurus von Meyer 1857
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†Sclerosaurus armatus von Meyer 1857
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Invalid names: Labyrinthodon ruetimeyeri Wiedersheim 1878 [synonym]
Invalid names: Aristodesmus Seeley 1895 [synonym]
G. †Myognathus
Subfm. †Procolophoninae Nopcsa 1928
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G. †Orenburgia Ivakhnenko 1975
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†Orenburgia bruma Ivakhnenko 1983
†Orenburgia concinna Ivakhnenko 1975
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Invalid names: Insulophon morachovskayae Novikov 1992 [synonym], Lestanshoria massiva Novikov 1991 [synonym]
†Orenburgia enigmaticus Chudinov and Vjushkov 1956
Invalid names: Insulophon Novikov 1992 [synonym], Lestanshoria Novikov 1991 [synonym], Samaria Novikov 1991 [synonym]
G. †Procolina Borsuk−Białynicka and Lubka 2009
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†Procolina teresae Borsuk−Białynicka and Lubka 2009
G. †Procolophon Owen 1876
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†Procolophon trigoniceps Owen 1876
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Invalid names: Procolophon baini Broom 1905 [synonym], Procolophon brasiliensis Cisneros and Schultz 2002 [synonym], Procolophon cuneiceps Seeley 1878 [synonym], Procolophon griersoni Seeley 1878 [synonym], Procolophon laticeps Seeley 1878 [synonym], Procolophon minor Owen 1876 [synonym], Procolophon platyrhinus Seeley 1905 [synonym], Procolophon pricei Lavina 1983 [synonym], Procolophon sphenorhinus Seeley 1905 [synonym]
Invalid names: Microtheledon Broom 1936 [nomen dubium], Thelegnathus parvus Broom 1905 [nomen dubium]
G. †Procolophonoides Ivakhnenko 1979
G. †Suchonosaurus Tverdochlebova and Ivakhnenko 1994
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†Suchonosaurus minimus Tverdochlebova and Ivakhnenko 1994
G. †Tichvinskia Chudinov and Vjushkov 1956
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†Tichvinskia burtensis Ochev 1958
†Tichvinskia vjatkensis Chudinov and Vjushkov 1956
Invalid names: Burtensia Ivakhnenko 1975 [synonym]
Invalid names: Paoteodon Chow and Sun 1960 [nomen dubium], Spondylolestidae Ivakhnenko 1979 [invalid subgroup], Thelegnathus Broom 1905 [nomen dubium], Thelegnathus browni Broom 1905 [nomen dubium]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: c = class, subp = subphylum, uc = unranked clade | |||||
| References: Carroll 1988, Hendy et al. 2009 | |||||
Age range: base of the Wuchiapingian to the top of the Rhaetian or 259.90000 to 201.30000 Ma
Collections (107 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Late/Upper Severodvinian - Vyatkian | Russian Federation | Suchonosaurus minimus (189496) | |
| Wuchiapingian - Changhsingian | South Africa (Eastern Cape) | Spondylolestes rubidgei (80219 176336) | |
| Induan | Russian Federation (Nizhegorod) | Phaanthosaurus ignatjevi, Contritosaurus simus (28396) | |
| Induan | Australia (Queensland) | Eomurruna yurrgensis (94541) Procolophonidae indet. (85560) | |
| Induan | Russian Federation (Orenburg) | Procolophonidae indet. (196033) | |
| Induan | South Africa (Northern Cape) | Phonodus dutoitorum (105718) | |
| Induan | Russian Federation (Nizhnii Novgorod) | Contritosaurus convector (85957) Contritosaurus simus (93572 93573) | |
| Induan | Russian Federation (Samara) | Phaanthosaurus sp. (196088) | |
| Induan | Russian Federation (Kirov) | Contritosaurus simus (93577) | |
| Early/Lower Triassic | China (Nei Mongol) | Eumetabolodon dongshengensis (27160) | |
| Early/Lower Triassic | South Africa (East Cape) | Sauropareion anoplus (188978) | |
| Early/Lower Triassic | Antarctica | Procolophon indet. (87420) Procolophon trigoniceps (27266 87410 87414) | |
| Early/Lower Triassic | South Africa (Eastern Cape) | Procolophon sp. (117176) | |
| Induan - Olenekian | South Africa (Free State) | Procolophon sp. (94365) Procolophon trigoniceps (88282 98602) | |
| Induan - Olenekian | South Africa (Eastern Cape) | Procolophon trigoniceps, Procolophon minor, Procolophon griersoni, Procolophon cuneiceps, Procolophon laticeps (13043) Procolophon trigoniceps, Procolophon platyrhinus, Procolophon sphenorhinus (94309) Sauropareion anoplus (85948 171371) | |
| Induan - Olenekian | Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) | Procolophon pricei (94112) Procolophon sp., Procolophon brasiliensis (93720) Procolophon trigoniceps (99232 99233) Procolophon trigoniceps, Oryporan insolitus (99234) | |
| Induan - Smithian | Madagascar (Diana) | Eosuchia indet. (144094) | |
| Smithian | Russian Federation (Orenburg) | Tichvinskia sp. (196078) | |
| Olenekian | South Africa (Eastern Cape) | Coletta seca (78686) Procolophon sp. (145503) Procolophon trigoniceps, Kitchingnathus untabeni (92309) | |
| Olenekian | Russian Federation (Orenburg) | Burtensia burtensis (94369) Orenburgia concinna (93201) Tichvinskia burtensis (93205) Tichvinskia majmesculae, Kapes majmesculae (79946) Tichvinskia sp. (195838) | |
| Olenekian | Russian Federation (Kirov) | Tichvinskia vjatkensis (93104) | |
| Olenekian | Russian Federation (Volgograd) | Kapes sp., Tichvinskia enigmatica (27343) | |
| Olenekian | Russian Federation (Arkhangelsk) | Insulophon morachovskayae (94236) Orenburgia bruma (93274) Orenburgia bruma, Lestanshoria massiva (93276) Orenburgia sp. (94243) Timanophon raridentatus (93382 93385) | |
| Olenekian | Russian Federation (Komi) | Kapes amaenus, Macrophon komiensis (85454) Timanophon raridentatus (39811) | |
| Olenekian | Poland (Malopolskie) | P. unnamed genus 1, P. unnamed genus 2, P. unnamed genus 3, Procolophonida indet. (38528) | |
| Olenekian | South Africa (Free State) | Procolophonidae indet. (98617) | |
| Olenekian - Anisian | China (Nei Mongol) | Eumetabolodon bathycephalus (27134) | |
| Olenekian - Anisian | China (Shaanxi) | Eumetabolodon bathycephalus (27158) Pentaedrusaurus ordosianus (92429) | |
| Aegean | Germany (Thuringia) | Anomoiodon liliensterni (85958) | |
| Aegean | Germany (Bavaria) | Koiloskiosaurus coburgiensis (92888) | |
| Aegean - Bithynian | Germany (Baden-Württemberg) | Anomoiodon krejcii (134302) Sclerosaurus armatus (85939) | |
| Aegean - Bithynian | USA (New Mexico) | Procolophonidae indet. (135441) | |
| Aegean - Bithynian | Switzerland (Basel-Stadt) | Labyrinthodon ruetimeyeri (85940) | |
| Anisian | South Africa (Eastern Cape) | Thelegnathus browni, Thelegnathus parvus (80060) Thelegnathus contritus (92312) | |
| Anisian | Tanzania (Ruvuma) | Mandaphon nadra (192672) | |
| Anisian | China (Shanxi) | Neoprocolophon asiaticus (92480) Paoteodon huanghoensis (92481) | |
| Anisian | China (Nei Mongol) | Eumetabolodon bathycephalus (92436) | |
| Anisian | South Africa (Free State) | Procolophonidae indet. (171026) Thelegnathus oppressus, Thelegnathus perforatus (92313) Thelegnathus spinigenis, Teratophon spinigenis (92310) | |
| Anisian | Spain (Barcelona) | Procolophonidae indet. (171375) | |
| Anisian | Russian Federation (Orenburg) | Kapes serotinus (93156) | |
| Anisian | Canada (Nova Scotia) | Anomoiodon sp., Sclerosaurus sp. (227834) | |
| Anisian | United Kingdom (England) | Kapes bentoni (88977 88978) Procolophonidae indet. (88980) | |
| Longobardian | Germany (Baden-Württemberg) | Procolophonidae indet. (101875) | |
| Ladinian - Carnian | Madagascar (Toliara) | Procolophonidae indet. (96207) | |
| Carnian | United Kingdom (England) | Hwiccewyrm trispiculum (46889) Procolophonidae indet. (13173) | |
| Carnian | Morocco (Marrakech-Safi) | Procolophonidae indet. (58618) | |
| Carnian | USA (Virginia) | Procolophonidae indet. (39159) | |
| Carnian | Canada (Nova Scotia) | Hypsognathus sp. (107286) Procolophonidae indet. (80074 80079 80093 89078) | |
| Carnian - Norian | United Kingdom (Scotland) | Leptopleuron lacertinum (57948) Telerpeton elginense (89011) | |
| Norian | USA (Texas) | Colognathus obscurus (48424) Libognathus sheddi (79947) Procolophonidae indet. (13266) | |
| Norian | USA (New Mexico) | Procolophonidae indet. (84272) | |
| Norian | USA (Arizona) | Procolophonidae indet. (39160 84017 92850) | |
| Norian | Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) | Soturnia caliodon (55446) | |
| Norian | Canada (Nova Scotia) | Hypsognathus sp. (89142) | |
| Norian - Rhaetian | USA (New Jersey) | Hypsognathus fenneri (80143 89137 92107) | |
| Rhaetian | USA (Connecticut) | Hypsognathus fenneri (89140) | |
| Rhaetian | United Kingdom (Wales) | Hypsognathus sp., Leptopleuroninae indet., Haligonia sp., Haligonia bolodon, Scoloparia sp., Smilodonterpeton ruthinensis (46077) | |
| Rhaetian | USA (Utah) | Leptopleuroninae indet. (93495) | |
| Rhaetian | United Kingdom (England) | Procolophonidae indet. (120898) |