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Caprimulgiformes (nightjar)

Osteichthyes - Caprimulgiformes

Taxonomy
Caprimulgiformes was named by Ridgway (1881). It is extant.

It was reranked as the unranked clade Caprimulgiformes by Mayr (2005); it was considered an invalid subgroup of Cypselomorphae by Mayr (2005).

It was assigned to Neognathae by Wetmore (1960), Carroll (1988); to Neognathae by Mayr (2005); to Cypselomorphae by Livezey and Zusi (2007); to Aves by del Hoyo et al. (2014); and to Strisores by Mayr (2022).

Synonymy list
YearName and author
1881Caprimulgiformes Ridgway
1960Caprimulgiformes Wetmore p. 29
1988Caprimulgiformes Carroll
2005Caprimulgiformes Mayr p. 319
2007Caprimulgiformes Livezey and Zusi p. 94
2014Caprimulgiformes del Hoyo et al.
2022Caprimulgiformes Mayr p. 100 figs. Fig. 6.5

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
classOsteichthyes
subclassSarcopterygii()
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha(Nelson 2006)
subclassTetrapodomorpha()
—Tetrapoda
—Reptiliomorpha
—Anthracosauria
subclassAmphibiosauriaKuhn 1967
—Cotylosauria()
—Amniota
—Sauropsida
classReptilia
subclassEureptilia()
—Romeriida
—Diapsida()
—Archosauromorpha(Huene 1946)
RankNameAuthor
—Crocopoda
—ArchosauriformesGauthier 1986
—Eucrocopoda
—Archosauria()
informalAvemetatarsalia
—Ornithodira
—Dinosauromorpha
—Dinosauriformes
—Dinosauria()
—Saurischia()
—Theropoda()
—Neotheropoda
—AverostraPaul 2002
—Tetanurae
—Coelurosauria()
—Maniraptora
—Paraves
classAves
subclassNeornithesGadow 1893
—Neognathae(Pycraft 1900)
orderCaprimulgiformesRidgway 1881
orderCaprimulgiformesRidgway 1881

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Or. Caprimulgiformes Ridgway 1881 [nightjar]
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Fm. Aegothelidae Bonaparte 1853 [owlet-nightjar]
+
G. Aegotheles Vigors and Horsfield 1827
+
Aegotheles cristatus Shaw 1790 [Australian owlet-nightjar]
†Aegotheles novaezealandiae Scarlett 1968 [New Zealand owlet-nightjar]
Aegotheles savesi Layard and Layard 1881 [New Caledonian owlet-nightjar]
Invalid names: Megaegotheles Scarlett 1968 [synonym]
G. †Quipollornis Rich and McEvey 1977
+
†Quipollornis koniberi Rich and McEvey 1977
Fm. Apodidae Hartert 1897 [swift]
+
G. Aerodramus Oberholser 1906
+
Aerodramus fuciphagus Thunberg 1812 [white-nest swiftlet]
Aerodramus salangana Streubel 1848 [mossy-nest swiftlet]
Aerodramus sawtelli Holyoak 1974 [Atiu swiftlet]
Aerodramus spodiopygius Peale 1848 [white-rumped swiftlet]
Aerodramus vanikorensis Quoy and Gaimard 1830 [uniform swiftlet]
Subfm. Apodinae Hartert 1897
+
G. Apus Scopoli 1777
+
Apus apus Linnaeus 1758 [common swift]
Apus balstoni Bartlett 1880 [Madagascar swift]
Apus melba Linnaeus 1758 [alpine swift]
Apus pallidus Shelley 1870 [pallid swift]
†Apus wetmorei Ballmann 1976
Invalid names: Cypselus Illiger 1811 [synonym]
G. Chaetura Stephens 1826
+
†Chaetura baconica Jánossy 1977
Chaetura pelagica Linnaeus 1758 [chimney swift]
G. Collocalia Gray 1840
+
†Collocalia buday Boles 2001
Collocalia esculenta Linnaeus 1758 [glossy swiftlet]
†Collocalia incerta Milne-Edwards 1871
Collocalia troglodytes Gray 1845 [pygmy swiftlet]
G. Cypseloides Streubel 1848
+
Cypseloides niger Gmelin 1789 [black swift]
G. †Procypseloides Harrison 1984
+
†Procypseloides ignotus Paris 1912
†Procypseloides mourerchauvireae Mlíkovský 1989
G. Streptoprocne Oberholser 1906
+
Streptoprocne zonaris Shaw 1796 [white-collared swift]
Invalid names: Cypselinae Bonaparte 1838 [empty], Cypseloidinae Bonaparte 1838 [empty]
Subor. Caprimulgi Ridgway 1888
+
Fm. Steatornithidae Bonaparte 1842 [oilbird]
+
G. Steatornis Humboldt 1817
+
Steatornis caripensis Humboldt 1817 [oilbird]
Invalid names: Preficinae Olson 1987 [empty], Steatornithinae Olson 1987 [empty]
Fm. Caprimulgidae Vigors 1825
+
G. †Archaeotrogon Milne-Edward 1891
+
†Archaeotrogon caluxyensis Gaillard 1908
†Archaeotrogon nocturnus Mlikovsky 2002
†Archaeotrogon venustus Milne-Edwards 1867
†Archaeotrogon zitteli Gaillard 1908
Subfm. Caprimulginae Vigors 1825
+
G. Antrostomus Bonaparte 1838
+
Antrostomus carolinensis Gmelin 1789 [Chuck-will's-widow]
Antrostomus noctitherus Wetmore 1919 [Puerto Rican nightjar]
Antrostomus vociferus Wilson 1812 [Eastern whip-poor-will]
G. Gactornis Han 2010
+
Gactornis enarratus Gray 1871 [Collared nightjar]
G. Caprimulgus Linnaeus 1758 [nightjar]
+
Caprimulgus aegyptius Lichtenstein 1823 [Egyptian nightjar]
Caprimulgus europaeus Linnaeus 1758 [Eurasian nightjar]
Caprimulgus madagascariensis Sganzin 1840 [Madagascar nightjar]
†Caprimulgus piurensis Campbell 1979 [nightjar]
G. Chordeiles Swainson 1832
+
Chordeiles acutipennis Hermann 1783 [lesser nighthawk]
Chordeiles minor Forster 1771 [common nighthawk]
G. †Euronyctibius Mourer-Chauviré 1989
+
†Euronyctibius kurochkini Mourer-Chauviré 1989
G. Eurostopodus Gould 1838
+
Eurostopodus exul Mayr 1941 [New Caledonian nightjar]
Eurostopodus mystacalis Temminck 1826 [white-throated nightjar]
G. Phalaenoptilus Ridgway 1880
+
Phalaenoptilus nuttallii Audubon 1844 [common poorwill]
G. Siphonorhis Sclater 1861
+
Siphonorhis americana Linnaeus 1758 [Jamaican pauraque]
Siphonorhis brewsteri Chapman 1917 [least pauraque]
Invalid names: Microsiphonorhis Chapman 1917 [synonym]
G. †Ventivorus Mourer-Chauviré 1988
+
†Ventivorus ragei Mourer-Chauviré 1988
Fm. Hemiprocnidae Oberholser 1906
+
G. Hemiprocne Nitzsch 1829
+
Hemiprocne comata Temminck 1824 [Whiskered treeswift]
Invalid names: Macropteryx Swainson 1831 [synonym]
Fm. Nyctibiidae Chenu and des Murs 1851
+
G. Nyctibius Vieillot 1816
+
Nyctibius aethereus Wied 1820 [Long-tailed potoo]
Nyctibius grandis Gmelin 1789 [Great potoo]
Nyctibius griseus Gmelin 1789 [Common potoo]
Nyctibius jamaicensis Gmelin 1789 [Northern potoo]
Fm. Podargidae Gray 1847 [frogmouth]
+
G. Batrachostomus Gould 1838 [frogmouths]
+
Batrachostomus auritus Gray 1829 [Large frogmouth]
Batrachostomus septimus Tweeddale 1877 [Philippine frogmouth]
G. Podargus Vieillot 1818
+
Podargus ocellatus Quoy and Gaimard 1830 [Marbled frogmouth]
Podargus papuensis Quoy and Gaimard 1830 [Papuan frogmouth]
Podargus strigoides Latham 1801 [Tawny frogmouth]
G. †Quercypodargus Mourer-Chauviré 1989
+
†Quercypodargus olsoni Mourer-Chauviré 1989
G. Rigidipenna Cleere et al. 2007
+
Rigidipenna inexpectata Cleere et al. 2007 [Solomons frogmouth]
Fm. Trochilidae Vigors 1825 [hummingbird]
+
G. Anthracothorax Boie 1831
+
Anthracothorax dominicus Linnaeus 1766 [Antillean mango]
G. Chlorostilbon Gould 1853
+
Chlorostilbon ricordii Gervais 1835 [Cuban emerald]
Chlorostilbon swainsonii Lesson 1829 [Hispaniolan emerald]
G. †Eurotrochilus Mayr 2004
+
G. Mellisuga Brisson 1760
+
Mellisuga minima Linnaeus 1758 [vervain hummingbird]
G. Orthorhyncus Lacepede 1799
+
Orthorhyncus cristatus Linnaeus 1758 [Antillea crested hummingbird]
Subfm. Phaethornithinae Jardine 1833
+
G. Glaucis Boie 1831 [hermit]
+
Glaucis aeneus Lawrence 1867 [Bronzy hermit]
Glaucis dohrnii Bourcier and Mulsant 1852 [Hook-billed hermit]
Glaucis hirsutus Gmelin 1788 [Rufous-breasted hermit]
Subfm. Trochilinae Jardine 1833
+
Tr. Trochilini del Hoyo et al. 2014
+
G. Amazilia Lesson 1843 [hummingbird]
+
Amazilia tzacatl de la Llave 1833 [Rufous-tailed hummingbird]
G. Trochilus Linnaeus 1758
+
Trochilus polytmus Linnaeus 1758 [Red-billed streamertail]
Invalid names: Florisuginae Jardine 1833 [empty], Lesbiinae Dickinson and Remsen 2013 [empty], Ornismya Lesson 1828 [nomen nudum], Patagoninae Pascual 1987 [empty], Polytminae Dickinson and Remsen 2013 [empty]
Invalid names: Aegotheli Sibley 1988 [empty]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: hydroxyapatiteo
Entire body: yeso
Adult length: 10 to < 100o
Adult width: 1.0 to < 10o
Adult height: 1.0 to < 10o
Architecture: compact or denseo
Ontogeny: accretion, modification of partso
Grouping: solitaryo
Environment: terrestrialo
Locomotion: actively mobileo
Life habit: ground dwellingo
Diet: carnivoresubo
Reproduction: oviparouso
Dispersal: direct/internalo
Dispersal 2: mobileo
Created: 2009-01-03 20:39:15
Modified: 2009-01-03 22:39:15
Source: subo = suborder, o = order
References: Kiessling 2004, Benton 1983, Marsh 1875

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Wasatchian to the top of the Holocene or 56.00000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 51.1 Ma

Collections (144 total)


Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Wasatchian56.0 - 51.1USA (Virginia) Steatornithidae indet., Caprimulgidae indet. (15595)
Bartonian41.03 - 37.71France (Quercy, Midi-Pyrenees Region) Ventivorus ragei (12840)
Late/Upper Eocene37.71 - 33.9France (Languedoc-Roussillon-Midi-Pyrénées) Quercypodargus olsoni, Euronyctibius kurochkini (183665)
Late/Upper Eocene37.71 - 33.9France (Quercy) Archaeotrogon venustus (12850)
Rupelian33.9 - 27.3Germany (Baden-Württemberg) Eurotrochilus inexpectatus (68021)
Rupelian33.9 - 27.3France (Allier) Procypseloides ignotus (181646)
Rupelian33.9 - 27.3France (Provence-Alpes-Côte dʼAzur) Eurotrochilus sp. (85235)
MP 2527.3 - 23.04France Archaeotrogon zitteli (184215)
Altonian18.7 - 15.9New Zealand (South Island) Aegotheles sp., Collocalia sp. (73690)
Messinian7.246 - 5.333Italy (Piedmont) Apodidae indet. (172915)
Zanclean5.333 - 3.6South Africa Apodidae indet. (22222)
Pliocene - Pleistocene5.333 - 0.0117Hungary (Barany) Apus baranensis (35359)
Pleistocene - Holocene2.58 - 0.0Congo-Kinshasa Caprimulgus sp. (22074)
Middle Pleistocene0.774 - 0.129Italy (Siracusa) Apus sp., Apus melba, Caprimulgus europaeus (175900)
Middle Pleistocene0.774 - 0.129Hungary (Borsodabaujzemplen) Apus apus (35472)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117Indonesia (East Nusa Tenggara) Aerodramus fuciphagus (193370 193373 193376 193377 193378 193384 193386 193388 193389 193391 193402 193403 193404) Apodidae indet., Aerodramus fuciphagus (193401) Apodidae indet., Collocalia esculenta (193367 193399 193400) Apodidae indet., Collocalia esculenta, Aerodramus fuciphagus (193395)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117Peru Caprimulgus piurensis, Chordeiles acutipennis (71346)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117USA (Virginia) Chaetura pelagica, Chordeiles minor (103991)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117USA (Wyoming) Phalaenoptilus nuttallii, Chordeiles minor (93277)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117Italy Apus sp. (197769)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117Japan (Aomori) Apus sp. (101898)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117Spain Apus sp. (194940)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117Greece (Peloponnesus) Apus apus, Apus pallidus (184245)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117Philippines Collocalia esculenta (194833) Collocalia sp., Collocalia esculenta (194835) Collocalia sp., Collocalia esculenta, Collocalia salangana (194836) Collocalia sp., Collocalia salangana, Collocalia troglodytes (194834)
Late/Upper Pleistocene (high glacial)0.129 - 0.0117Venezuela (Zulia) Trochilidae indet., Caprimulgus sp. (63515)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117Australia (Victoria) Aegotheles cristatus, Caprimulgus mystacalis (194980)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117Papua New Guinea Caprimulgus sp., Collocalia esculenta (194696)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117Egypt Caprimulgus sp. (21877)
Late/Upper Pleistocene (late glacial)0.129 - 0.0117USA (Tennessee) Chaetura pelagica (82890)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117Australia (South Australia) Podargus strigoides, Aegotheles cristatus (136072)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117Greece (Crete) Apus apus (192949 192959) Apus apus, Apus melba (92902) Apus melba (192957) Apus melba, Caprimulgus europaeus (192951)
Late/Upper Pleistocene0.129 - 0.0117USA (New Mexico) Phalaenoptilus nuttallii (71670)
Late/Upper Pleistocene - Holocene0.129 - 0.0New Zealand Aegotheles novaezealandiae (182103 182104)
Late/Upper Pleistocene - Holocene (late glacial)0.129 - 0.0USA (Arizona) Caprimulgidae indet. (93374)
Late/Upper Pleistocene - Holocene0.129 - 0.0Papua New Guinea Collocalia esculenta (194693 194694)
Late/Upper Pleistocene - Holocene0.129 - 0.0Bahamas (New Providence Island) Caprimulgidae indet., Chlorostilbon ricordii (194588) Trochilidae indet., Chordeiles sp., Chlorostilbon ricordii (144649)
Late/Upper Pleistocene - Holocene0.129 - 0.0Dominican Republic Siphonorhis brewsteri, Anthracothorax dominicus (194485)
Late/Upper Pleistocene - Holocene0.129 - 0.0Puerto Rico Setochalcis noctithera (192222 231345)
Late/Upper Pleistocene - Holocene0.129 - 0.0USA (Utah) Chordeiles minor (93326)
Holocene0.0117 - 0.0Madagascar (Toliara) Apus sp. (92733)
Holocene0.0117 - 0.0Jamaica Nyctibius jamaicensis (194072) Siphonorhis americana (194073)
Holocene0.0117 - 0.0Dominican Republic Siphonorhis brewsteri (194484)
Holocene0.0117 - 0.0New Caledonia Aegotheles savesi (193984) Collocalia esculenta, Collocalia spodiopygia (13221) Collocalia esculenta, Collocalia spodiopygia, Aegotheles savesi, Eurostopodus exul (193986) Collocalia sp., Collocalia esculenta, Aegotheles savesi, Eurostopodus exul (193987) Collocalia spp., Aegotheles savesi (193988)
Holocene0.0117 - 0.0Madagascar Apus balstoni, Caprimulgus madagascariensis (236022)
Holocene0.0117 - 0.0New Zealand Aegotheles novaezealandiae (181849)
Holocene0.0117 - 0.0Niue Collocalia spodiopygia (193851 193852 193853 193854 193855 193856 193857 193858 193861 193867 193869)
Holocene0.0117 - 0.0Indonesia (East Nusa Tenggara) Aerodramus fuciphagus (193381 193396 193397 193398 193405 193406 193407 193408 193409 193410 193411 193412 193413 193414 193415 193416) Apodidae indet., Collocalia esculenta, Aerodramus fuciphagus (193392)
Holocene0.0117 - 0.0Antigua and Barbuda Orthorhynchus cristatus (94615)
Holocene0.0117 - 0.0Haiti Streptoprocne zonaris, Chlorostilbon swainsonii, Mellisuga minima, Cypseloides niger, Siphonorhis brewsteri (194483)
Holocene0.0117 - 0.0Russian Federation Apus apus (194808)
Holocene0.0117 - 0.0France (Corse) Apus apus (215378)
Holocene0.0117 - 0.0Guam Collocalia vanikorensis (208640 208641 208642 208643 208644)
Holocene0.0117 - 0.0Tonga Collocalia spodiopygia (194700)
Holocene0.0117 - 0.0Australia (Western Australia) Aegotheles cristatus (194981)
Holocene0.0117 - 0.0New Zealand (South Island) Aegotheles novaezealandiae (215380 215387 215392 215403 215415 215417 215418 215419 215420 215421 215582 215583)
Holocene0.0117 - 0.0Northern Mariana Islands Collocalia vanikorensis (194622 194624 194625 194630 194632 194633 194634 194635 194649)
Holocene0.0117 - 0.0Finland Caprimulgus europaeus (209146)
Holocene0.0117 - 0.0Cook Islands Collocalia sawtelli (193455 193457)
Holocene0.0117 - 0.0Bolivia (Chuquisaca) Nyctibius sp. (70705)
Holocene0.0117 - 0.0Yemen Apus sp. (169046 234349)