PBDB Taxon

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Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Miacis

Osteichthyes

Taxonomy

Miacis was named by Cope (1872). It was considered polyphyletic by Tomiya (2011).

It was synonymized subjectively with Vulpavus by Wortman and Matthew (1899) and Wortman (1901).

It was assigned to Caniformia by Flynn and Galiano (1982); to Miacinae by Hooker (1986); to Carnivora by Polly et al. (2006); to Carnivoramorpha by Tomiya (2011); to Carnivoraformes by Solé et al. (2014); and to Miacidae by Cope (1880), Cope (1880), Scott (1892), Matthew (1909), Matthew (1937), Flynn (1998), Wesley-Hunt and Werdelin (2005), Heinrich et al. (2008), Friscia and Rasmussen (2010), Rose et al. (2012), Dawson and Constenius (2018).

Species

Harpalodon sylvestris, M. bathygnathus, M. boqinghensis, M. deutschi, M. edax, M. exiguus, M. gracilis, M. hookwayi, M. invictus, M. latidens, M. lushiensis, M. parvivorus, M. petilus, M. rundlei, M. vorax, M. vulpinus, Prodaphaenus uintensis

Species lacking formal opinion data

M. exilis, M. thailandicus

Synonyms

Prodaphaenus was named by Wortman and Matthew (1899).

It was synonymized subjectively with Miacis by Thorpe (1923), Stock (1934), Friscia and Rasmussen (2010).

It was assigned to Uintacyonidae by Hay (1902); and to Miacidae by Matthew (1899), Peterson (1919), Flynn (1998).
Harpalodon was named by Marsh (1872). Its type is Harpalodon sylvestris.

It was synonymized subjectively with Hyainailouros by Van Valen (1967); it was synonymized subjectively with Miacis by Matthew (1909), Thorpe (1923), Gazin (1976), Wang and Tedford (1994).

It was assigned to Uintacyonidae by Hay (1902).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1872	Miacis Cope p. 2
1872	Harpalodon Marsh
1880	Miacis Cope
1892	Miacis Scott p. 320
1899	Prodaphaenus Matthew
1899	Prodaphaenus Wortman and Matthew p. 114
1902	Prodaphaenus Hay p. 760
1902	Harpalodon Hay p. 761
1909	Miacis Matthew
1919	Prodaphaenus Peterson p. 50
1937	Miacis Matthew
1982	Miacis Flynn and Galiano p. 50
1986	Miacis Hooker p. 336
1998	Miacis Flynn
1998	Prodaphaenus Flynn
2005	Miacis Wesley-Hunt and Werdelin p. 842
2006	Miacis Polly et al. p. 1023
2008	Miacis Heinrich et al.
2010	Miacis Friscia and Rasmussen p. 59
2011	Miacis Tomiya p. 16
2012	Miacis Rose et al.
2014	Miacis Solé et al.
2018	Miacis Dawson and Constenius p. 49

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
class	Osteichthyes
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota
subclass	Synapsida
—	Therapsida	()

Rank	Name	Author
infraorder	Cynodontia	()
—	Mammaliamorpha
—	Mammaliaformes
class	Mammalia
—	Cladotheria
—	Zatheria
subclass	Tribosphenida	()
subclass	Theria
—	Eutheria	()
—	Placentalia
—	Boreoeutheria
—	Laurasiatheria
—	Scrotifera
—	Ferae	()
—	Pancarnivora
—	Carnivoramorpha	Wyss and Flynn 1993
—	Carnivoraformes	Flynn et al.
genus	Miacis

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. †Miacis Cope 1872

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†Miacis bathygnathus Scott 1888

†Miacis boqinghensis Huang et al. 1999

†Miacis deutschi Gingerich 1983

†Miacis edax Leidy 1872

†Miacis exiguus Matthew and Granger 1915

†Miacis gracilis Clark 1939

†Miacis hookwayi Stock 1934

†Miacis invictus Matthew and Granger 1925

†Miacis latidens Matthew and Granger 1915

†Miacis lushiensis Chow 1975

†Miacis parvivorus Cope 1872

†Miacis petilus Gingerich 1983

†Miacis rundlei Hooker 2010

†Miacis vorax Leidy 1872

†Miacis vulpinus Scott and Osborn 1887

Invalid names: Harpalodon Marsh 1872 [synonym], Prodaphaenus Wortman and Matthew 1899 [synonym]

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

phosphaticsubp

Environment:

terrestrialsubc

Locomotion:

actively mobilec

Life habit:

arborealg

Diet:

insectivoresubc

Reproduction:

viviparoussubc

Comments:

more arboreal than the scansorial Prolimnocyon and "most closely" similar to "arboreal carnivorans" (Gebo and Rose 1993)g

Created:

2011-04-25 11:55:43

Modified:

2011-04-25 01:55:43

Source: g = genus, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum

References: Carroll 1988, Hendy et al. 2009, Lillegraven 1979, Gebo and Rose 1993, Ji et al. 2002

Age range: base of the Wasatchian to the top of the Chadronian or 56.00000 to 33.90000 Ma

Collections (138 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Lostcabinian	56.0 - 51.1	USA (Wyoming)	M. exiguus, M. latidens, M. parvivorus (15915) M. latidens (15930) M. sp. (15917)
Wasatchian	56.0 - 51.1	USA (North Dakota)	M. sp. (15895)
Wasatchian	56.0 - 51.1	USA (Colorado)	M. exiguus (15220 15262 15450 15480 15485 15660 15725 15845 15868 15887) M. latidens (15278 15293 15393 15401)
Wasatchian	56.0 - 51.1	USA (Wyoming)	M. deutschi (15458 15592 15594 15683 15727 15796 46647 46785 46809) M. exiguus (15468 15472 15513 15516 15520 15534 15540 15548 15549 15551 15552 15553 15554 15555 15556 15557 15558 15573 15575 15577 15578 15586 15694 15707 15710 15723 15756 15790 15805 15942 46727 46728 46729 46739 46765 46767 46773 46797 46808 46844) M. exiguus, M. petilus (15687 15702) M. latidens (15486 15714 15910) M. latidens, M. exiguus (15662 15964) M. petilus (15576 15618 15692 15703 46699 46704 46754) M. sp. (15559 46683 46731 46803 46831 46852) Oodectes herpestoides (15491)
Wasatchian	56.0 - 51.1	Canada (Northwest Territories)	M. sp. (15583)
Wasatchian	56.0 - 51.1	USA (Mississippi)	M. sp. (15719)
Early/Lower Eocene	56.0 - 48.07	USA (Wyoming)	M. deutschi (154255) M. exiguus (15684) M. exiguus, M. petilus (15680 15700)
Early/Lower Eocene	56.0 - 48.07	Portugal (Região Centro)	M. sp. (79200)
Ypresian	56.0 - 48.07	United Kingdom (England)	M. rundlei (38868)
Arshantan	56.0 - 37.71	Kazakhstan	M. sp. (31009)
Bridgerian	51.1 - 45.9	USA (Wyoming)	Harpalodon sylvestris (223469 223504) M. exiguus (16254 16388) M. exiguus, M. latidens, M. parvivorus (16207) M. latidens, M. parvivorus (16415) M. parvivorus (16136 16228 16337 16339 16345 16418) M. sp. (15837) M. sylvestris (16647) Uintacyon vorax (16309)
Bridgerian	51.1 - 45.9	USA (Colorado)	M. parvivorus (16240) Uintacyon edax (15423)
Bridgerian	51.1 - 45.9	USA (Utah)	M. parvivorus (16396)
Middle Eocene	48.07 - 37.71	China (Jiangsu)	M. lushiensis (37493)
Middle Eocene	48.07 - 37.71	USA (Wyoming)	Uintacyon vorax (81455)
Middle Eocene	48.07 - 37.71	China (Beijing)	M. sp., Canidae indet. (174745)
Middle Eocene	48.07 - 37.71	China (Shanxi)	M. boqinghensis (174907)
Middle Eocene	48.07 - 37.71	China (Henan)	M. lushiensis, M. invictus (46193)
Early/Lower Uintan	45.9 - 39.7	USA (Colorado)	Uintacyon vorax (16623)
Early/Lower Uintan	45.9 - 39.7	USA (Utah)	M. sp. (16572)
Late/Upper Uintan	45.9 - 39.7	USA (California)	M. hookwayi (16585 16780)
Uintan	45.9 - 39.7	USA (Utah)	M. uintensis (16646)
Uintan	45.9 - 39.7	USA (Wyoming)	M. sp. (16649)
Uintan	45.9 - 39.7	USA (Montana)	M. sp. (222915)
Uintan	45.9 - 39.7	USA (California)	M. hookwayi (16786) M. sp. (16797 16798)
Bartonian	41.03 - 37.71	United Kingdom (England)	Mammalia indet. (39014)
Bartonian	41.03 - 37.71	France (Picardie Region)	M. sp. (12847)
Duchesnean - Chadronian	39.7 - 33.9	USA (Montana)	M. sp. (16840)
Late/Upper Eocene	37.71 - 33.9	Thailand	M. thailandicus (49078)
Priabonian	37.71 - 33.9	Spain (Catalonia)	M. exilis (31751)
Late/Upper Eocene - Early/Lower Oligocene	37.71 - 27.3	China (Henan)	M. invictus (46197) M. lushiensis (174738)
Chadronian	37.0 - 33.9	USA (Montana)	M. sp. (16990)