PBDB Taxon

Basic info	Taxonomic history	Classification	Included Taxa
Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Panthera

Mammalia - Carnivora - Felidae

Taxonomy

Panthera was named by Oken (1816) [name conserved by the ICZN (opinion 1368)]. It is extant.

It was assigned to Felinae by Kurten and Anderson (1980) and Johnson et al. (2006); to Felidae by Oken (1816), Capasso Barbato and Gliozzi (1995), Geraads (1997), Sotnikova and Nikolskiy (2006) and Werdelin and Peigne (2010); and to Pantherinae by Mazak et al. (2011), Tseng et al. (2013) and Breitenmoser and Breitenmoser (2017).

Species

P. (Jaguarius), P. balamoides, P. blytheae, P. gombaszoegensis, P. leo (syn. Felis imperialis), P. onca (syn. Felis listai, Felis augustus, Felis veronis), P. palaeosinensis, P. pardus, P. tigris, P. uncia, P. zdanskyi

Species lacking formal opinion data

P. crassidens, P. issiodorensis, P. schaubi

Synonyms

Tigris was named by Gray (1843). It is extant.

It was synonymized subjectively with Panthera by International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1985).
Leo was named by Brehm (1829). It is extant.

It was synonymized subjectively with Panthera by Hemmer (1967) and International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1985).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1816	Panthera Oken
1829	Leo Brehm
1843	Tigris Gray
1980	Panthera Kurten and Anderson p. 191
1995	Panthera Capasso Barbato and Gliozzi p. 241
1997	Panthera Geraads p. 144
2006	Panthera Johnson et al. p. 74
2006	Panthera Sotnikova and Nikolskiy p. 220
2010	Panthera Werdelin and Peigne p. 652
2011	Panthera Mazak et al.
2013	Panthera Tseng et al.
2017	Panthera Breitenmoser and Breitenmoser p. 66

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
—	Osteichthyes	()
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota
subclass	Synapsida
—	Therapsida	()
infraorder	Cynodontia	()
—	Mammaliamorpha

Rank	Name	Author
—	Mammaliaformes
class	Mammalia
—	Cladotheria
—	Zatheria
subclass	Tribosphenida	()
subclass	Theria
—	Eutheria	()
—	Placentalia
—	Boreoeutheria
—	Laurasiatheria
—	Scrotifera
—	Ferae	()
—	Carnivoramorpha	Wyss and Flynn 1993
—	Carnivoraformes	Flynn et al.
order	Carnivora
suborder	Feliformia	Kretzoi 1945
superfamily	Feloidea	Hay 1930
family	Felidae
subfamily	Felinae	Trouessart 1885
genus	Panthera	Oken 1816

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. Panthera Oken 1816

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Subg. Panthera (Jaguarius) Simpson 1941

†Panthera balamoides Stinnesbeck et al. 2018

†Panthera blytheae Tseng et al. 2013

†Panthera gombaszoegensis Kretzoi 1938

Panthera leo Linnaeus 1758 [lion]

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†Panthera leo atrox Leidy 1853

Invalid names: Felis imperialis Leidy 1873 [synonym], Panthera onca mesembrina Cabrera 1934 [synonym]

†Panthera leo spelaea Goldfuss 1810

Panthera onca Linnaeus 1758 [jaguar]

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Invalid names: Felis augustus Leidy 1872 [synonym], Felis listai Roth 1899 [synonym], Felis veronis Hay 1919 [synonym]

†Panthera palaeosinensis Qiu et al. 2004

Panthera pardus Linnaeus 1758 [leopard]

Panthera tigris Linnaeus 1758 [tiger]

Panthera uncia Schreber 1775 [snow leopard]

†Panthera zdanskyi Mazak et al. 2011

Invalid names: Leo Brehm 1829 [synonym], Tigris Gray 1843 [synonym]

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Body mass estimates

estimate	equation	reference
83.3 kg	Mammalia femur diameter	Gingerich 1990
141.3 kg	Mammalia humerus diameter	Gingerich 1990
128.3 kg	Mammalia tibia diameter	Gingerich 1990
mean: 114.7 kg

Measurements

part	N	mean	minimum	maximum	median	s.d.
femur diameter	2	25.3	23.5	27.3	25.4	2.69
humerus diameter	2	32.9	29.5	36.8	33.1	5.16
radius diameter	2	18.1	14.0	23.3	18.6	6.58
tibia diameter	1	28.8	-	-	-	-

Composition:

phosphaticsubp

Environment:

terrestrialsubc

Locomotion:

actively mobilec

Life habit:

scansorialf

Diet:

carnivoreg

Reproduction:

viviparoussubc

Created:

2009-01-04 14:11:24

Modified:

2009-01-04 16:11:24

Source: g = genus, f = family, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum

References: Van Valkenburgh 1988, Carroll 1988, Nowak 1991, Ji et al. 2002, Hendy et al. 2009, Lillegraven 1979

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the MN 14 to the top of the Holocene or 4.90000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 4.2 Ma

Collections (364 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Oldest occurrences
Miocene - Pliocene	23.03 - 2.588	South Africa	P. sp. (22229)
Late/Upper Miocene - Early/Lower Pliocene	11.608 - 3.6	China (Tibet)	P. blytheae (152265 152266 152267)
Zanclean	5.333 - 3.6	Kenya	P. sp. (22277)
Pliocene	5.333 - 2.588	South Africa	P. pardus (21821 22355 22356 22357)
Pliocene	5.333 - 2.588	Ethiopia	P. pardus (21755)
Pliocene	5.333 - 2.588	Tanzania (Eastern Drift Valley)	P. gombaszoegensis, P. pardus (32050)
Zanclean - Piacenzian	5.333 - 2.588	Tanzania	Leo pardus, Leo gombaszoegensis (21830)
Pliocene - Calabrian	5.333 - 0.774	South Africa	P. leo, P. pardus (21791)
Zanclean - Calabrian	5.333 - 0.774	Kenya	P. crassidens (21369)
Pliocene - Pleistocene	5.333 - 0.0117	Bulgaria	P. gombaszoegensis (58809)
Pliocene - Pleistocene	5.333 - 0.0117	Turkey	P. sp. (39322)
MN 14	4.9 - 4.2	China (Tibet)	P. n. sp. (115623)
Blancan	4.9 - 1.8	Mexico (Sonora)	Felis onca (20322)
Blancan	4.9 - 1.8	USA (Kansas)	Felis imperialis (19926)
Late/Upper Pliocene	3.6 - 2.588	Morocco	P. pardus (32052)
Late/Upper Pliocene	3.6 - 2.588	India (Jammu)	P. sp. (51102)
Piacenzian	3.6 - 2.588	Tanzania	Leo gombaszoegensis (21790 21798 21802 21806 21807 21811 21813) Leo pardus (21795 21799 21801 21831)
Piacenzian	3.6 - 2.588	Ethiopia	P. sp. (21783)
Late/Upper Pliocene - Pleistocene	3.6 - 0.0117	South Africa	P. leo (22334) P. pardus (22331 22332)
Villanyian	3.2 - 2.588	Hungary (Fejer)	P. issiodorensis, Leo toscana (35374)