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Hyracoidea (hyrax)
Taxonomy
Hyracoidea was named by Huxley (1869). It is extant.
It was reranked as the suborder Hyracoidea by Cope (1889), Flower and Lydekker (1891), Gadow (1898), Andrews (1906) and Prothero and Schoch (1989); it was reranked as the unranked clade Hyracoidea by O'Leary et al. (2006).
It was assigned to Taxeopoda by Cope (1889); to Amphidactyla by Ameghino (1889); to Ungulata by Flower and Lydekker (1891) and Gadow (1898); to Ungulata by Flower (1883) and Andrews (1906); to Phenacodonta by McKenna (1975); to Perissodactyla by Prothero and Schoch (1989); to Eutheria by Carroll (1988) and Nowak (1991); to Afrotheria by Madsen et al. (2001); to Mammalia by Wilson and Reeder (2005); and to Paenungulata by Olds and Shoshani (1982), Rasmussen et al. (1990), Waddell et al. (1999), Waddell et al. (2001), O'Leary et al. (2006), Seiffert (2007), Asher and Helgen (2010) and Barrow et al. (2010).
It was reranked as the suborder Hyracoidea by Cope (1889), Flower and Lydekker (1891), Gadow (1898), Andrews (1906) and Prothero and Schoch (1989); it was reranked as the unranked clade Hyracoidea by O'Leary et al. (2006).
It was assigned to Taxeopoda by Cope (1889); to Amphidactyla by Ameghino (1889); to Ungulata by Flower and Lydekker (1891) and Gadow (1898); to Ungulata by Flower (1883) and Andrews (1906); to Phenacodonta by McKenna (1975); to Perissodactyla by Prothero and Schoch (1989); to Eutheria by Carroll (1988) and Nowak (1991); to Afrotheria by Madsen et al. (2001); to Mammalia by Wilson and Reeder (2005); and to Paenungulata by Olds and Shoshani (1982), Rasmussen et al. (1990), Waddell et al. (1999), Waddell et al. (2001), O'Leary et al. (2006), Seiffert (2007), Asher and Helgen (2010) and Barrow et al. (2010).
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1869 | Hyracoidea Huxley |
| 1883 | Hyracoidea Flower p. 185 |
| 1889 | Hyracoidea Ameghino p. 355 |
| 1889 | Hyracoidea Cope p. 876 |
| 1891 | Hyracoidea Flower and Lydekker p. 90 |
| 1898 | Hyracoidea Gadow p. 45 |
| 1906 | Hyracoidea Andrews p. 83 |
| 1975 | Hyracoidea McKenna p. 43 |
| 1982 | Hyracoidea Olds and Shoshani p. 1 |
| 1988 | Hyracoidea Carroll |
| 1989 | Hyracoidea Prothero and Schoch p. 530 |
| 1990 | Hyracoidea Rasmussen et al. p. 4691 |
| 1991 | Hyracoidea Nowak |
| 1999 | Hyracoidea Waddell et al. p. cover |
| 2001 | Hyracoidea Madsen et al. p. 610 |
| 2001 | Hyracoidea Waddell et al. p. 148 |
| 2005 | Hyracoidea Wilson and Reeder |
| 2006 | Hyracoidea O'Leary et al. p. 985 |
| 2007 | Hyracoidea Seiffert |
| 2010 | Hyracoidea Asher and Helgen p. 3 figs. Figure 1 |
| 2010 | Hyracoidea Barrow et al. p. 215 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Or. Hyracoidea Huxley 1869 [hyrax]
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Fm. †Pliohyracidae Matsumoto 1926
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Subfm. †Geniohyinae Matsumoto 1926
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G. †Brachyhyrax Pickford 2004
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†Brachyhyrax aequatorialis Pickford 2004
†Brachyhyrax oligocenus Rasmussen and Gutierrez 2009
G. †Geniohyus Andrews 1904
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†Geniohyus diphycus Matsumoto 1926
†Geniohyus gigas Matsumoto 1926
†Geniohyus magnus Andrews 1904
†Geniohyus micrognathus Schlosser 1911
†Geniohyus mirus Andrews 1904
†Geniohyus subgigas Matsumoto 1926
G. †Hengduanshanhyrax Cheng 2003
G. †Kvabebihyrax Gabunia and Vekua 1966
G. †Megalohyrax Andrews 1903
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†Megalohyrax eocaenus Andrews 1903
†Megalohyrax gevini Sudre 1979
†Megalohyrax major Andrews 1904
†Megalohyrax minor Andrews 1904
Invalid names: Mixohyrax Schlosser 1910 [synonym]
G. †Meroehyrax Whitworth 1954
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†Meroehyrax bateae Whitworth 1954
†Meroehyrax kyongoi Rasmussen and Gutierrez 2009
G. †Parapliohyrax Lavocat 1961
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†Parapliohyrax mirabilis Lavocat 1961
†Parapliohyrax ngororaensis Pickford and Fisher 1987
G. †Pliohyrax Osborn 1899
G. †Postschizotherium von Koenigswald 1932
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†Postschizotherium chardini Koenigswald 1932
†Postschizotherium intermedium Koenigswald 1966
†Postschizotherium licenti Koenigswald 1966
†Postschizotherium tibetensis Zong 1996
Subfm. Saghatheriinae Andrews 1906
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G. †Bunohyrax Schlosser 1910
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†Bunohyrax affinis Matsumoto 1926
†Bunohyrax fajumensis Andrews 1904
†Bunohyrax major Andrews 1904
†Bunohyrax matsumatoi Tabuce et al. 2000
†Bunohyrax matusmotoi Tabuce 2000
G. †Saghatherium Andrews and Beadnell 1902
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†Saghatherium annectens Matsumoto 1926
†Saghatherium antiquum Andrews and Beadnell 1902
†Saghatherium bowni Rasmussen and Simons 1991
†Saghatherium euryodon Matsumoto 1926
†Saghatherium humarum Rasmussen and Simons 1988
†Saghatherium macrodon Matsumoto 1926
†Saghatherium magnum Andrews 1904
†Saghatherium majus Andrews 1906
†Saghatherium minus Andrews and Beadnell 1902
†Saghatherium sobrina Matsumoto 1926
G. †Thyrohyrax Meyer 1973
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†Thyrohyrax domorictus Meyer 1973
†Thyrohyrax kenyaensis Rasmussen and Gutierrez 2009
†Thyrohyrax libycus Coster et al. 2015
†Thyrohyrax litholagus Rasmussen and Simons 1991
†Thyrohyrax meyeri Rasmussen and Simons 1991
†Thyrohyrax microdon Rasmussen and Gutierrez 2009
†Thyrohyrax pygmaeus Matsumoto 1921
G. †Sogdohyrax Dubrovo 1978
Fm. Procaviidae Thomas 1892 [hyrax]
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G. Dendrohyrax Gray 1868 [tree hyrax]
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Dendrohyrax arboreus Smith 1827 [southern tree hyrax]
Dendrohyrax dorsalis Fraser 1853 [western tree hyrax]
†Dendrohyrax samueli Pickford 2005
Procavia (Dendrohyrax) crawshayi Thomas 1900
G. Heterohyrax Gray 1868 [rock hyrax]
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†Heterohyrax auricampensis Rasmussen et al. 1996
Heterohyrax brucei Gray 1868 [rock hyrax]
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Invalid names: Dendrohyrax (Heterohyrax) blainvillii Gray 1868 [synonym], Procavia pumila Thomas 1901 [synonym]
G. Procavia Storr 1780 [Cape hyrax]
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†Procavia antiqua Broom 1934
Procavia capensis Pallas 1766 [Cape hyrax]
Procavia capensis johnstoni Thomas 1894
†Procavia obermeyerae Broom 1937
†Procavia pliocenica Pickford 2005
†Procavia robertsi Broom and Schepers 1946
†Procavia transvaalensis Shaw 1937
Invalid names: Euhyrax Gray 1868 [synonym], Hyrax Herman 1783 [synonym]
Invalid names: Hyracidae Gray 1821 [synonym]
Fm. †Titanohyracidae Matsumoto 1926
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G. †Titanohyrax Matsumoto 1922
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†Titanohyrax andrewsi Matsumoto 1922
†Titanohyrax angustidens Rasmussen and Simons 1988
†Titanohyrax mongereaui Sudre 1979
†Titanohyrax schlosseri Matsumoto 1921
†Titanohyrax tantulus Court and Hartenberger 1992
†Titanohyrax ultimus Matsumoto 1922
Invalid names: Titanohyrax palaeotherioides Schlosser 1911 [nomen nudum]
Invalid names: Procaviamorpha Whitworth 1954 [empty], Pseudhippomorpha Whitworth 1954 [empty]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: o = order, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum | |||||
| References: Nowak 1999, Hendy et al. 2009, Ji et al. 2002, Carroll 1988, Lillegraven 1979 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Early/Lower Eocene to the top of the Holocene or 55.80000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 47.8 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 47.8 Ma
Collections (169 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ypresian | Algeria | Hyracoidea indet., Seggeurius amourensis (71984) | |
| Ypresian | Mali (Gao) | Pliohyracidae indet. (175262) | |
| Ypresian | Mali | Pliohyracidae indet. (209422) | |
| Ypresian - Lutetian | Algeria (Bechar) | Titanohyrax mongereaui (36615) | |
| Ypresian - Lutetian | Algeria (Bechar region) | Bunohyrax sp. (77017) Hyracoidea indet. (77021) Hyracoidea indet., Titanohyrax tantulus (36612) Hyracoidea n. gen., Hyracoidea indet., Thyrohyrax sp., Microhyrax lavocati (77014) Hyracoidea sp. (77022) Hyracoidea sp., Hyracoidea indet., Microhyrax lavocati (77016) Hyracoidea sp., Megalohyrax gevini, Microhyrax lavocati (77015) Microhyrax lavocati (77019) Titanohyrax mongereaui (77013) | |
| Ypresian - Lutetian | Tunisia | Titanohyrax tantalus (87795) | |
| Ypresian - Lutetian | Algeria | Microhyrax lavocati (215025) | |
| Early/Lower Eocene - Middle Eocene | Algeria (Bechar) | Hyracoidea indet. (36614) Megalohyrax gevini, Microhyrax lavocati (36613) | |
| Lutetian | Namibia (Sperrgebiet) | Namahyrax corvus (149173) | |
| Bartonian | Namibia (Sperrgebiet) | Rupestrohyrax palustris (180197) Titanohyracidae indet. (165176) | |
| Bartonian - Late/Upper Eocene | Libya | Hyracoidea indet. (55449) | |
| Bartonian - Priabonian | Algeria | Bunohyrax matsumotoi (59733) | |
| Priabonian | Egypt (Fayum) | Pliohyracidae indet. (181546) | |
| Priabonian | Egypt | Dimaitherium patnaiki (67706) | |
| Early/Lower Oligocene | Libya (Sirt Basin) | Thyrohyrax libycus (166446) | |
| Early/Lower Oligocene | Libya | Saghatherium sp. (180110) | |
| Early/Lower Oligocene | Egypt | Antilohyrax sp. (187873) | |
| Early/Lower Oligocene | Oman (Dhofar) | Saghatherium bowni, Thyrohyrax meyeri (175334) Thyrohyrax meyeri (162464) | |
| Rupelian | Egypt (Fayum) | Bunohyrax sp., Geniohyus sp., Titanohyrax sp. nov. B, Megalohyrax eocaenus, Saghatherium bowni, Thyrohyrax meyeri, Titanohyrax sp. nov. A, Thyrohyrax litholagos (60127) Geniohyus diphycus (175420) Geniohyus major, Saghatherium magnum, Saghatherium antiquum, Saghatherium minus, Saghatherium majus, Megalohyrax eocaenus, Megalohyrax minor, Geniohyus mirus, Geniohyus fajumensis, Titanohyrax andrewsi, Titanohyrax ultimus (65960) Megalohyrax eocaenus, Pachyhyrax crassidentatus, Thyrohyrax domorictus (12960) Megalohyrax eocaenus, Titanohyrax angustidens, Pachyhyrax crassidentatus, Thyrohyrax domorictus (12954) Pachyhyrax crassidentatus, Thyrohyrax domorictus (12956) Thyrohyrax domorictus (13070 13071) Thyrohyrax sp. (12968) Thyrohyrax sp., Thyrohyrax pygmaeus (12964) Titanohyrax angustidens, Saghatherium humarum, Selenohyrax chatrathi, Geniohyus magnus, Thyrohyrax domorictus (12950) Titanohyrax angustidens, Thyrohyrax domorictus (12969) | |
| Rupelian | Egypt | Thyrohyrax domorictus (71943) | |
| Rupelian | Angola (Cabinda) | Bunohyrax mirus, Geniohyus fajumensis (56682) | |
| Oligocene | Libya | Megalohyrax palaeotherioides (154222) | |
| Oligocene | Saudi Arabia (Al Hijaz) | Geniohyus sp., Megalohyrax eocaenus (97221) | |
| Late/Upper Oligocene | Tanzania | Rukwalorax jinokitana (99405) | |
| Late/Upper Oligocene | Kenya (Turkana) | Afrohyrax n. sp., Brachyhyrax oligocenus, Thyrohyrax kenyaensis, Meroehyrax kyongoi (174662) | |
| Late/Upper Oligocene | Kenya | Saghatheriinae indet. (166975 174673) | |
| Chattian | Ethiopia | Bunohyrax sp., Megalohyrax sp., Pachyhyrax sp. (71941) | |
| Aquitanian | Kenya (Rift Valley) | Pachyhyrax sp., Afrohyrax n. sp., Brachyhyrax oligocenus, Thyrohyrax kenyaensis, Thyrohyrax microdon, Meroehyrax kyongoi (174664) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene | Uganda | Megalohyrax championi (21723) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene | Kenya | Megalohyrax championi (70808) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene - Middle Miocene | Namibia | Prohyrax sp. (70420) | |
| Burdigalian | Uganda | Megalohyrax championi (28441) Meroehyrax bataeae, Megalohyrax championi (192070) | |
| Burdigalian | Kenya | Brachyhyrax aequatorialis (21726) Hyracoidea indet. (57007) Megalohyrax championi (38060) | |
| Burdigalian | Saudi Arabia | Pachyhyrax championi (47069) | |
| Burdigalian | Kenya (Northern Frontier District) | Pliohyrax championi, Megalohyrax championi, Prohyrax tertiarius (122454) | |
| MN 3 | Uganda | Brachyhyrax aequatorialis (73864) | |
| Langhian | Kenya | Megalohyrax sp. (22082) Pachyhyrax championi (22069 22070) | |
| Astaracian | Greece (Crete) | Prohyrax hendeyi (208183) | |
| Astaracian | Morocco (Tadla-Azilal) | Hyracoidea indet. (48630) | |
| Middle Miocene | Namibia | Prohyrax hendeyi (21855) | |
| Serravallian | Kenya | Parapliohyrax ngororaensis (22287) Procaviidae indet. (22300) | |
| Tortonian | Kenya | Heterohyrax sp. (219711) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Turkey (Usak) | Pliohyrax graceus (34462) | |
| MN 9 | Namibia | Heterohyrax auricampensis (87787) | |
| MN 10 | France (Region Rhone-Alpes) | Pliohyrax rossignoli (36634) | |
| Turolian | Turkey | Pliohyrax graecus (151910) | |
| Turolian | Afghanistan | Pliohyrax sp. (75492) | |
| Turolian | Greece (Euboea) | Pliohyrax graecus (202213) | |
| Turolian | Bulgaria | Hyracoidea indet. (208566 208567 208568) | |
| Turolian | Tajikistan (Sor) | Sogdohyrax magianense (34392) | |
| Messinian | Kenya | Dendrohyrax samueli (110080) | |
| Messinian - Piacenzian | South Africa (Cape) | Procavia antiqua (59167) | |
| Zanclean | South Africa | Procavia pliocenica, Procavia antiqua (22221) | |
| Pliocene | South Africa | Procavia transvaalensis, Procavia antiqua (22355) | |
| Pliocene | Georgia | Kvabebihyrax kachethicus (40392) | |
| Pliocene - Calabrian | South Africa | Procavia transvaalensis, Procavia antiqua (21791) | |
| Pliocene - Pleistocene | South Africa | Procavia sp., Procavia transvaalensis, Procavia antiqua (207105) Procavia transvaalensis, Procavia antiqua (21960) | |
| Late/Upper Pliocene | South Africa (Langebaanweg) | Procavia antiqua (21713) | |
| Late/Upper Pliocene | China (Hebei) | Postschizotherium sp. (36317) | |
| Piacenzian | Ethiopia | Gigantohyrax maguirei (21639) Heterohyrax brucei (21624) | |
| Late/Upper Pliocene - Pleistocene | South Africa | Hyracoidea indet., Procavia transvaalensis, Procavia antiqua (22334) Procavia sp. (22332) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | South Africa | Procavia antiqua (21827) Procavia capensis (21826) Procavia transvaalensis, Procavia antiqua (21824) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | South Africa (Gauteng) | Procavia sp. (183152) | |
| Pleistocene | South Africa | Procavia capensis (21695 21823 21915 21916 21929 21956 115191 115205) Procavia capensis, Procavia transvaalensis (21829) Procavia sp. (21913 21920) Procavia sp., Procavia transvaalensis, Procavia antiqua (21825) Procavia transvaalensis, Procavia antiqua (21828) | |
| Pleistocene | South Africa (Orange Free) | Procavia capensis (21867) | |
| Pleistocene | Israel | Procavia sp. (225664) Procavia syriaca (39252) | |
| Pleistocene | Kenya | Procavia sp. (21963) | |
| Pleistocene - Holocene | Congo-Kinshasa | Procaviidae indet., Procavia sp., Procavia johnstoni (22074) | |
| Pleistocene - Holocene | South Africa | Procavia capensis (21948 21949 21950 21951 21952 21957) | |
| Pleistocene - Holocene | Zambia | Dendrohyrax sp. (21854) Procavia capensis, Heterohyrax brucei (21924) | |
| Pleistocene - Holocene | South Africa (Orange Free) | Procavia capensis (21868) | |
| Calabrian | South Africa | Procavia capensis, Procavia transvaalensis (21961) Procavia sp. (21822) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Israel | Procavia capensis (192424 192425) | |
| Middle Pleistocene - Late/Upper Pleistocene | Kenya | Heterohyrax sp. (22272 22276) Procavia sp. (21276) Procaviidae indet., Procavia sp. (21277) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Israel (Mount Carmel) | Procavia syriaca (11803) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Kenya (Athi-Kapiti) | Procavia sp. (32119) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Kenya (Athi-Kapiti Plain) | Procavia sp. (32093) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Kenya (Athi-Kapiti Plains) | Procavia sp. (32090) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial) | South Africa | Procavia capensis (115167) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Israel | Procavia capensis (225667) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Kenya (Athi-Kapiti plains) | Procavia sp. (32124) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | South Africa | Procavia capensis (90070 96974) Procavia sp. (113858) | |
| Holocene | South Africa (Orange Free) | Procavia capensis (21858 21861 21897 21908 21909 21911 21912 21943) | |
| Holocene | Swaziland | Procavia capensis (21927 21955) | |
| Holocene | Zambia | Dendrohyrax sp. (21895) Heterohyrax brucei (21894) | |
| Holocene | Kenya | Heterohyrax brucei (21933) | |
| Holocene | Congo-Kinshasa | Dendrohyrax arboreus (22068) Procaviidae indet., Procavia sp., Dendrohyrax sp. (22073) | |
| Holocene | South Africa | Procavia capensis (21862 21866 21914 21918 21930 21940 21946 96973) | |
| Holocene | Tanzania | Procavia habessinica, Heterohyrax brucei (21690) | |
| Holocene | Kenya (Athi-Kapiti Plains) | Procavia sp. (32107) |