PBDB Taxon

Basic info	Taxonomic history	Classification	Included Taxa
Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Diceratherium

Osteichthyes - Perissodactyla - Rhinocerotidae

Taxonomy

Diceratherium was named by Marsh (1875).

It was assigned to Rhinoceridae by Cope (1881); to Aceratheriinae by Weidmann and Ginsburg (1999); to Teleoceratini by Sach and Heizmann (2001); to Diceratheriinae by Hay (1902), Prothero and Schoch (1989), Prothero (1998), Tong (2001), Prothero (2005); to Elasmotheriinae by Antoine et al. (2010); and to Rhinocerotidae by Marsh (1875), Scott (1913), Wood (1960), Carroll (1988), Lofgren et al. (2020).

Species

D. annectens (syn. D. nanum, D. cuspidatum), D. armatum (syn. D. gregorii, D. lobatum, Aceratherium truquianum), D. marriottae, D. matutinum, D. minus, D. niobrarense (syn. Epiaphelops virgasectus, D. petersoni, Aceratherium egregius), D. niobrarensis, D. persistens, D. radtkei, D. tridactylum (syn. D. avum, D. proavitum), D. truquianum

Species lacking formal opinion data

D. aurelianensis, D. douvillei, D. palaeosinense

Synonyms

Epiaphelops was named by Cook (1912).

It was considered a nomen dubium by Coombs and Coombs (1997); it was synonymized subjectively with Diceratherium by Prothero (2005).

It was assigned to Rhinocerotidae by Cook (1912).
Metacaenopus was named by Cook (1908).

It was synonymized subjectively with Aceratherium by Loomis (1908); it was synonymized subjectively with Diceratherium by Peterson (1920), Wood (1927).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1875	Diceratherium Marsh
1881	Diceratherium Cope p. 393
1902	Diceratherium Hay p. 644
1908	Metacaenopus Cook
1912	Epiaphelops Cook
1913	Diceratherium Scott p. 291
1921	Metacaenopus Troxell
1960	Diceratherium Wood p. 100
1988	Diceratherium Carroll
1989	Diceratherium Prothero and Schoch p. 535
1998	Diceratherium Prothero p. 599
1999	Diceratherium Weidmann and Ginsburg p. 222
2001	Diceratherium Sach and Heizmann p. 30
2001	Diceratherium Tong
2005	Diceratherium Prothero pp. 47-48
2010	Diceratherium Antoine et al.
2020	Diceratherium Lofgren et al.

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
class	Osteichthyes
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota
subclass	Synapsida
—	Therapsida	()
infraorder	Cynodontia	()
—	Mammaliamorpha

Rank	Name	Author
—	Mammaliaformes
class	Mammalia
—	Cladotheria
—	Zatheria
subclass	Tribosphenida	()
subclass	Theria
—	Eutheria	()
—	Placentalia
—	Boreoeutheria
—	Laurasiatheria
—	Scrotifera
—	Euungulata
—	Panperissodactyla
superorder	Perissodactylamorpha
order	Perissodactyla	()
—	Tapiromorpha	(Haeckel 1873)
—	Ceratomorpha	(Wood 1937)
superfamily	Rhinocerotoidea
family	Rhinocerotidae
subtribe	Elasmotheriina	()
genus	Diceratherium

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. †Diceratherium Marsh 1875

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†Diceratherium annectens Marsh 1873

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Invalid names: Diceratherium cuspidatum Troxell 1921 [synonym], Diceratherium nanum Marsh 1875 [synonym]

†Diceratherium armatum Marsh 1875

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Invalid names: Aceratherium truquianum Cope 1879 [synonym], Diceratherium gregorii Peterson 1920 [synonym], Diceratherium lobatum Troxell 1921 [synonym]

†Diceratherium marriottae Santos et al. 2023

†Diceratherium matutinum Marsh 1870

†Diceratherium minus Ringström 1924

†Diceratherium niobrarense Peterson 1906

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Invalid names: Aceratherium egregius Cook 1908 [synonym], Diceratherium petersoni Loomis 1908 [synonym], Epiaphelops virgasectus Cook 1912 [synonym]

†Diceratherium niobrarensis Peterson 1906

†Diceratherium persistens Osborn 1904

†Diceratherium radtkei Prothero and Rasmussen 2008

†Diceratherium tridactylum Osborn 1893

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†Caenopus tridactylus avus Troxell 1921

†Caenopus tridactylus metalophus Troxell 1921

Invalid names: Diceratherium avum Wood 1927 [synonym], Diceratherium proavitum Hatcher 1894 [synonym]

†Diceratherium truquianum Cope 1879

Invalid names: Epiaphelops Cook 1912 [synonym], Metacaenopus Cook 1908 [synonym]

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

phosphaticsubp

Environment:

terrestrialsubc

Locomotion:

actively mobilec

Life habit:

ground dwellingf

Diet:

browserf

Reproduction:

viviparoussubc

Created:

2005-06-08 10:11:09

Modified:

2005-08-31 17:08:31

Source: f = family, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum

References: Carroll 1988, Nowak 1991, Hendy et al. 2009, Lillegraven 1979, Ji et al. 2002

Age range: base of the Orellan to the top of the Late/Upper Miocene or 33.90000 to 5.33300 Ma

Collections (86 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Orellan	33.9 - 31.8	USA (Oregon)	D. armatum (17070)
Orellan	33.9 - 31.8	Canada (Saskatchewan)	D. sp. (17055)
Whitneyan	31.8 - 29.5	USA (Montana)	D. tridactylum (230863)
Whitneyan	31.8 - 29.5	USA (South Dakota)	Aceratherium tridactylum (17343 17344) D. tridactylum (17316)
Whitneyan	31.8 - 29.5	Canada (Saskatchewan)	D. sp. (17372)
Whitneyan	31.8 - 29.5	USA (North Dakota)	Aceratherium tridactylum (17432)
Whitneyan	31.8 - 29.5	USA (Wyoming)	D. tridactylum (17383)
Whitneyan	31.8 - 29.5	USA (Oregon)	D. sp. (17313 17349)
Whitneyan	31.8 - 29.5	USA (Arizona)	D. sp. (17308)
Whitneyan	31.8 - 29.5	USA (Colorado)	D. tridactylum (17426)
Whitneyan - Monroecreekian	31.8 - 23.1	Canada (Saskatchewan)	D. armatum (17306)
Geringian	29.5 - 24.7	USA (Oregon)	D. annectens, D. armatum (17537) D. sp. (17508 93078)
Geringian	29.5 - 24.7	USA (South Dakota)	D. armatum (17626) D. armatum, D. gregorii (17643) D. gregorii (17630 17634 17636 17642)
Geringian	29.5 - 24.7	USA (Nebraska)	D. annectens (17494) D. sp. (17721)
Arikareean	29.5 - 18.5	USA (North Dakota)	D. tridactylum (17724)
Arikareean	29.5 - 18.5	USA (South Dakota)	D. annectens (17483) D. annectens, D. armatum (17520) D. sp. (17448)
Arikareean	29.5 - 18.5	USA (Nebraska)	D. annectens (17599) D. annectens, D. armatum (17719) D. sp. (17538 17539)
Arikareean	29.5 - 18.5	USA (Nevada)	D. sp. (17600)
Arikareean	29.5 - 18.5	USA (Montana)	D. annectens (17509) D. annectens, D. armatum, D. sp. (17543) D. sp. (17540)
Arikareean	29.5 - 18.5	USA (Wyoming)	D. annectens (17472 17703) D. armatum (17532)
Arikareean	29.5 - 18.5	USA (California)	D. sp. (17675 17701)
early Early Arikareean	29.5 - 18.5	USA (Nebraska)	D. annectens, D. armatum (156729)
Chattian	27.3 - 23.04	USA (Oregon)	D. sp. (17603 93079)
Chattian	27.3 - 23.04	USA (Florida)	D. sp. (17860)
Late/Upper Oligocene - Early/Lower Miocene	27.3 - 15.98	USA (Washington)	D. sp. (193977)
Monroecreekian	24.7 - 23.1	USA (South Dakota)	D. annectens, Rhinocerotidae indet. (17723) D. sp. (17560)
Monroecreekian	24.7 - 23.1	USA (Washington)	D. annectens (119837) D. sp. (119840) D. sp., D. annectens (119838)
Harrisonian	23.1 - 18.5	USA (Nebraska)	D. annectens, D. niobrarense (17805) D. niobrarense (17818) D. sp. (17786 17789 17807 17809 17819) D. sp., D. niobrarense (17741) Metacaenopus egregius (17846)
Harrisonian	23.1 - 18.5	USA (South Dakota)	D. gregorii (17458) D. sp. (17451 17745)
Harrisonian	23.1 - 18.5	USA (Wyoming)	D. annectens, D. armatum (17794 17801 17815) D. sp. (17796)
Aquitanian	23.04 - 20.45	USA (Texas)	D. annectens, D. armatum (18663)
Aquitanian - Burdigalian	23.04 - 15.98	USA (New Jersey)	Rhinoceros matutinus (50944)
Miocene	23.04 - 5.333	USA (Nebraska)	D. annectens, D. armatum, D. sp. (22630)
Miocene	23.04 - 5.333	USA (Idaho)	D. sp. (18980)
Miocene	23.04 - 5.333	USA (Texas)	Caenopus sp. (18672)
Miocene	23.04 - 5.333	USA (Arizona)	D. sp. (19140)
Burdigalian	20.45 - 15.98	France (Maine-et-Loire)	D. aurelianensis (48069)
Burdigalian	20.45 - 15.98	Switzerland	D. aurelianensis (69539)
Burdigalian	20.45 - 15.98	Portugal (Lisbon)	D. douvillei (36621 36628 36631)
Early/Lower Hemingfordian	18.5 - 16.3	USA (Nebraska)	D. niobrarensis (17881)
Hemingfordian	18.5 - 16.3	Canada (Saskatchewan)	D. sp. (17868)
Hemingfordian	18.5 - 16.3	USA (Texas)	D. annectens (18617)
Langhian	15.98 - 13.82	France	D. aurelianensis (148395)
Serravallian	13.82 - 11.63	China (Jiangsu)	D. minus (42481)
Late/Upper Miocene	11.63 - 5.333	China	D. palaeosinense (195285 195286)