PBDB Taxon

Basic info	Taxonomic history	Classification	Included Taxa
Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Embrithopoda

Osteichthyes - Embrithopoda

Taxonomy

Embrithopoda is an order. It is not extant.

It was assigned to Ungulata by Gregory (1910); to Eparctocyona by McKenna (1975); to Eutheria by Carroll (1988); to Altungulata by Prothero and Schoch (1989); to Paenungulata by Simpson (1945), Erdal et al. (2016); and to Tethytheria by Court (1990), Gheerbrant et al. (2018), Gheerbrant et al. (2025).

Subtaxa

Arsinoitheriidae, Lunania, Namatherium, Stylolophidae, Stylolophus

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1910	Embrithopoda Gregory p. 466
1945	Embrithopoda Simpson
1975	Embrithopoda McKenna p. 43
1988	Embrithopoda Carroll
1989	Embrithopoda Prothero and Schoch p. 530
1990	Embrithopoda Court p. 179
2016	Embrithopoda Erdal et al.
2018	Embrithopoda Gheerbrant et al. p. 2
2025	Embrithopoda Gheerbrant et al. p. 347

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
class	Osteichthyes
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota
subclass	Synapsida

Rank	Name	Author
—	Therapsida	()
infraorder	Cynodontia	()
—	Mammaliamorpha
—	Mammaliaformes
class	Mammalia
—	Cladotheria
—	Zatheria
subclass	Tribosphenida	()
subclass	Theria
—	Eutheria	()
—	Placentalia
superorder	Afrotheria
—	Paenungulatomorpha
superorder	Paenungulata
—	Tethytheria
order	Embrithopoda
order	Embrithopoda

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Or. †Embrithopoda

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Fm. †Arsinoitheriidae Andrews 1904

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Subfm. †Arsinoitheriinae Sen and Heintz 1979

G. †Arsinotherium

G. †Arsinoitherium Beadnell 1902

†Arsinoitherium giganteum Sanders et al. 2004

†Arsinoitherium zitelli Beadnell 1902

†Arsinoitherium zitteli Beadnell 1902

Invalid names: Arsinoitherium andrewsi Lankester 1903 [synonym]

Subfm. †Palaeoamasiinae Sen and Heintz 1979

G. †Axainamasia Métais et al. 2024

†Axainamasia sandersi Métais et al. 2024

G. †Crivadiatherium Radulesco et al. 1976

†Crivadiatherium iliescui Radulesco and Sudre 1985

†Crivadiatherium mackennai Radulesco et al. 1976

†Crivadiatherium sahini Métais et al. 2024

†Crivadiatherium sevketseni Métais et al. 2024

G. †Palaeoamasia Ozansoy 1966

†Palaeoamasia kansui Ozansoy 1966

Invalid names: Hypsamasia Maas et al. 1998 [nomen dubium]

G. †Lunania Chow 1957

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†Lunania zhoui Huang 2002

G. †Namatherium Pickford et al. 2008

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†Namatherium blackcrowense Pickford et al. 2008

G. †Stylolophus Gheerbrant et al. 2018

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†Stylolophus major Gheerbrant et al. 2021

†Stylolophus minor Gheerbrant et al. 2018

Invalid names: Stylolophidae Gheerbrant et al. 2021 [empty]

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

phosphaticsubp

Environment:

terrestrialsubc

Locomotion:

actively mobilec

Life habit:

scansorialsubc

Diet:

insectivoresubc

Reproduction:

viviparoussubc

Created:

2005-09-06 20:43:42

Modified:

2005-09-06 22:44:32

Source: subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum

References: Lillegraven 1979, Hendy et al. 2009, Ji et al. 2002, Carroll 1988

Age range: base of the Early/Lower Eocene to the top of the Chattian or 56.00000 to 23.04000 Ma

Collections (32 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Early/Lower Eocene	56.0 - 48.07	Türkiye (Kırşehir)	Crivadiatherium sahini, Crivadiatherium sevketseni (240578)
Ypresian	56.0 - 48.07	Morocco	Stylolophus major (213142) Stylolophus minor (158991) Stylolophus sp. (71235)
Ypresian	56.0 - 48.07	Türkiye (Amasya)	Palaeoamasia kansui (84608)
Ypresian	56.0 - 48.07	Morocco (Chaouia-Ouardigha)	Stylolophus minor (87890)
Early/Lower Eocene - Middle Eocene	56.0 - 37.71	Türkiye	Palaeoamasia kansui (84607 84609 182489)
Lutetian	48.07 - 41.03	Namibia (Sperrgebiet)	Namatherium blackcrowense (149173)
Lutetian	48.07 - 41.03	Türkiye (Anatolia)	Embrithopoda indet. (43624)
Lutetian	48.07 - 41.03	Türkiye (Ankara)	Hypsamasia seni (84511)
Middle Eocene	48.07 - 37.71	China (Henan)	Lunania youngi (46193)
Middle Eocene	48.07 - 37.71	China (Shanxi)	Lunania zhoui (175227)
Middle Eocene	48.07 - 37.71	China (Yunnan)	Lunania n. sp. (36668)
Middle Eocene	48.07 - 37.71	Romania (Hunedoara Departement)	Crivadiatherium mackennai, Crivadiatherium iliescui (36132)
Bartonian	41.03 - 37.71	Oman	Arsinoitherium sp. (84510)
Bartonian - Late/Upper Eocene	41.03 - 33.9	Libya	Arsinoitherium sp. (55449)
Late/Upper Eocene	37.71 - 33.9	Tunisia	Arsinoitherium sp. (182490)
Priabonian	37.71 - 33.9	Türkiye	Palaeoamasia n. sp. (182498)
Late/Upper Eocene - Early/Lower Oligocene	37.71 - 27.3	Egypt (Fayum)	Arsinoitherium zitteli, Arsinoitherium andrewsi (65960)
Early/Lower Oligocene	33.9 - 27.3	Oman (Dhofar)	Arsinoitherium andrewsi (179726) Arsinoitherium indet. (192927) Arsinotherium andrewsi, Arsinoitherium indet. (162464 175334) Arsinotherium indet. (192925)
Rupelian	33.9 - 27.3	Egypt (Fayum)	Arsinoitherium sp. (60127)
Rupelian	33.9 - 27.3	Türkiye	Palaeoamasia n. sp. (182499)
Oligocene	33.9 - 23.04	Saudi Arabia (Al Hijaz)	Arsinoitherium zitteli (97221)
Chattian	27.3 - 23.04	Angola (Cabinda)	Arsinoitherium indet. (56682)
Chattian	27.3 - 23.04	Ethiopia	Arsinoitherium sp. (71941)
Late/Upper Oligocene	27.3 - 23.04	Kenya (Turkana)	Arsinoitherium sp. (174662)