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Gaviiformes (loon)
Taxonomy
Gaviiformes was named by Wetmore and Miller (1926). It is extant.
It was reranked as the suborder Gaviiformes by Hay (1930); it was reranked as the unranked clade Gaviiformes by Mayr (2005), Sangster and Mayr (2021).
It was assigned to Carinatae by Hay (1930); to Neognathae by Wetmore (1940), Wetmore (1956), Carroll (1988); to Neornithes by Hope (2002); to Neognathae by Mayr (2005); to Neoaves by Slack et al. (2006); to Gaviomorphae by Livezey and Zusi (2007); to Aves by Howard (1972), Guthrie (1992), Parmalee (1992), del Hoyo et al. (2014); and to Aequornithes by Sangster and Mayr (2021), Mayr (2022).
It was reranked as the suborder Gaviiformes by Hay (1930); it was reranked as the unranked clade Gaviiformes by Mayr (2005), Sangster and Mayr (2021).
It was assigned to Carinatae by Hay (1930); to Neognathae by Wetmore (1940), Wetmore (1956), Carroll (1988); to Neornithes by Hope (2002); to Neognathae by Mayr (2005); to Neoaves by Slack et al. (2006); to Gaviomorphae by Livezey and Zusi (2007); to Aves by Howard (1972), Guthrie (1992), Parmalee (1992), del Hoyo et al. (2014); and to Aequornithes by Sangster and Mayr (2021), Mayr (2022).
Subtaxa
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1926 | Gaviiformes Wetmore and Miller |
| 1930 | Gaviiformes Hay p. 284 |
| 1940 | Gaviiformes Wetmore p. 6 |
| 1956 | Gaviiformes Wetmore p. 7 |
| 1972 | Gaviiformes Howard p. 3 |
| 1988 | Gaviiformes Carroll |
| 1992 | Gaviiformes Guthrie p. 320 |
| 1992 | Gaviiformes Parmalee p. 309 |
| 2002 | Gaviiformes Hope p. 365 |
| 2005 | Gaviiformes Mayr p. 318 |
| 2006 | Gaviiformes Slack et al. p. 1150 |
| 2007 | Gaviiformes Livezey and Zusi p. 90 |
| 2014 | Gaviiformes del Hoyo et al. |
| 2021 | Gaviiformes Sangster and Mayr p. 50 |
| 2022 | Gaviiformes Mayr p. 119 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Unr. Gaviiformes Wetmore and Miller 1926 [loon]
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Fm. Gaviidae Allen 1897
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G. †Colymboides Milne-Edwards 1867
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†Colymboides anglicus Lydekker 1891
†Colymboides metzleri Mayr 2004
†Colymboides minutus Milne-Edwards 1868
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Invalid names: Hydrornis natator Milne-Edwards 1878 [synonym]
Invalid names: Dyspetornis Oberholser 1905 [synonym], Hydrornis Milne-Edwards 1868 [synonym]
G. Gavia Forster 1788
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Gavia adamsii Gray 1859 [Yellow-billed loon]
Gavia arctica Linnaeus 1758 [Arctic loon]
†Gavia brodkorbi Howard 1978
†Gavia egeriana Svec 1982
†Gavia fortis Olson and Rasmussen 2001
†Gavia howardae Brodkorb 1953
Gavia immer Brunnich 1764 [Common loon]
†Gavia moldavica Kessler 1984
Gavia pacifica Lawrence 1858 [Pacific loon]
†Gavia paradoxa Umans'ka 1981
†Gavia pusilla Shufeldt 1915
†Gavia schultzi Mlíkovský 1998
Gavia stellata Pontoppidan 1763 [Red-throated loon]
Invalid names: Colymboidinae [empty], Gaviinae [empty]
Invalid names: Lonchodytidae Brodkorb 1963 [empty]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: subo = suborder, o = order | |||||
| References: Marsh 1875, Benton 1983 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Late/Upper Maastrichtian to the top of the Holocene or 72.20000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 66.0 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 66.0 Ma
Collections (101 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Late/Upper Maastrichtian | USA (Wyoming) | Gaviiformes indet. (14585) | |
| Ypresian | Canada (British Columbia) | Gaviiformes indet. (147816) | |
| Lutetian | Ukraine (Luhansk) | Colymbiculus udovichenkoi (120885) | |
| Orellan | USA (Wyoming) | Gavia pusilla (17134) | |
| Early/Lower Oligocene | Belgium | Colymboides belgicus (31748) | |
| Rupelian | Germany (Baden-Württemberg) | Colymboides metzleri (68021) | |
| Chattian | Kazakhstan | Gaviiformes indet. (13096) | |
| MP 28 | Germany (Rheinland-Pfalz) | Gaviidae indet. (71942) | |
| Aquitanian | Austria | Petralca austriaca (99160) | |
| Aquitanian | Austria (Oberösterreich) | Petralca austriaca (84653) | |
| Aquitanian | France (Auvergne) | Colymboides minutus (125333) | |
| Aquitanian - Langhian | USA (North Carolina) | Colymboides sp., Gavia egeriana (48887) | |
| Burdigalian | USA (Delaware) | Gavia sp. (18579) | |
| Burdigalian - Serravallian | USA (Maryland) | Gavia sp. (125137) | |
| Serravallian | USA (Virginia) | Gavia sp. (57700) | |
| Tortonian | USA (Florida) | Gavia concinna, Gavia palaeodytes (122350 122351) | |
| Tortonian | USA (California) | Gavia brodkorbi (13300) Gavia sp. (50069) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Ukraine | Gavia paradoxa (39816) | |
| Zanclean | USA (California) | Gavia concinna (125338) | |
| Zanclean | USA (North Carolina) | Gavia howardae, Gavia concinna, Gavia fortis (52582) | |
| Blancan | USA (California) | Gavia howardae (178011 178015 178021 178163) Gavia sp. (178167) Gavia sp., Gavia howardae (178016) | |
| Piacenzian | USA (California) | Gavia concinna (13451) Gavia howardae (46067) Gavia howardae, Gavia concinna (19703) Gavia sp. (52218) | |
| Gelasian | USA (Florida) | Gavia pacifica (20384) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | Taiwan (Chiayi) | Gavia sp., Gavia stellata (232679) | |
| Pleistocene | USA (Virginia) | Gavia sp. (104663) | |
| Pleistocene | USA (California) | Gavia immer (176093) | |
| Pleistocene | USA (Maryland) | Gavia immer (82256) | |
| Irvingtonian | USA (Florida) | Gavia concinna (20334 20400) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | USA (California) | Gavia immer, Gavia arctica (20639) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Japan (Chiba) | Gavia stellata (56359) | |
| Rancholabrean | USA (California) | Gavia immer (84881) | |
| Rancholabrean (glacial) | USA (California) | Gavia immer, Gavia arctica, Gavia stellata (20624) | |
| Rancholabrean - Holocene | USA (California) | Gavia pacifica (84904) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Japan (Aomori) | Gavia stellata (101898) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Spain | Gavia sp. (215694) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial) | USA (California) | Gavia sp. (20585 20644 20646) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial) | USA (Alabama) | Gavia immer (84181) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (late glacial) | USA (Florida) | Gavia immer (154722) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (California) | Gavia arctica (20273 120829 125234 125236) Gavia immer (59063 176102 215552) Gavia pacifica (120827 125237) Gavia sp. (190889) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial) | USA (Florida) | Gavia immer (20636) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene - Holocene | Russian Federation | Gavia sp. (194812) | |
| Holocene | USA (Florida) | Gavia immer (122303 195050) | |
| Holocene | Canada (Quebec) | Gavia immer (224189) | |
| Holocene | Ukraine | Gavia arctica (215547) | |
| Holocene | USA (Alaska) | Gavia arctica, Gavia stellata (220460) | |
| Holocene | Canada (Nunavut) | Gavia adamsii (229489) Gavia arctica (228896) Gavia sp. (228898) Gavia stellata (160848 229484) | |
| Holocene | Finland | Gavia arctica (209145) Gavia sp. (209130 209133 209134 209135 209136 209150 209157 209160 209161 209164) Gavia stellata (209159) | |
| Holocene | Russian Federation | Gavia arctica, Gavia stellata (194810) | |
| Holocene | Canada (Yukon) | Gavia arctica, Gavia adamsii (228443) | |
| Holocene | Canada (Northwest Territories) | Gavia arctica (228444) Gavia immer, Gavia arctica, Gavia stellata (228921) | |
| Holocene | USA (California) | Gavia immer (194909) Gavia immer, Gavia stellata (194905 194908) Gavia sp. (194913) Gavia sp., Gavia immer, Gavia stellata (194906 194912 194914 194927 194928) Gavia sp., Gavia stellata (194926) Gavia stellata (194880 194907) |