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Thoracica

Thecostraca

Taxonomy
Thoracica was named by Darwin (1854). It is extant.

It was reranked as the superorder Thoracica by Martin and Davis (2001) and Jones (2007); it was reranked as the infraclass Thoracica by Hegna et al. (2020) and Chan et al. (2021).

It was assigned to Cirrhipedia by Wilson (1983); to Cirripedia by Martin and Davis (2001); to Cirripedia by Martin (1904) and Jones (2007); and to Cirripedia by Zullo (1984), Hegna et al. (2020) and Chan et al. (2021).

Subtaxa
Lepadiformes, Pedunculata, Phosphatothoracica, Scalpelliformes, Thoracicalcarea
Sister taxa
Lepadiformes, Pedunculata, Scalpelliformes

Synonymy list
YearName and author
1854Thoracica Darwin
1904Thoracica Martin p. 94
1983Thoracica Wilson p. 486
1984Thoracica Zullo p. 1316
2001Thoracica Martin and Davis p. 59
2007Thoracica Jones p. 290
2020Thoracica Hegna et al. p. 37
2021Thoracica Chan et al.

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Protostomia
—Ecdysozoa
—Panarthropoda
phylumArthropodaLatreille 1829
—Deuteropoda
RankNameAuthor
—Mandibulata
—PancrustaceaZrzavý and Štys 1997
subphylumCrustaceaBrünnich 1772
classThecostraca(Gruvel 1905)
subclassCirripedia(Rafinesque 1816)
infraclassThoracica(Darwin 1854)
infraclassThoracica(Darwin 1854)

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Infracl. Thoracica Darwin 1854
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Or. Lepadiformes Buckeridge and Newman 2006
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Invalid names: Heteralepadomorpha Newman 1987 [empty]
Superor. Phosphatothoracica Gale 2019
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Or. †Eolepadomorpha Chan et al. 2021
+
Fm. †Eolepadidae Buckeridge 1983
+
G. †Eolepas Withers 1928
+
†Eolepas novaezelandiae Buckeridge 1983
†Eolepas rhaeticus Moore 1863
G. †Toarcolepas Gale and Schweigert 2015
Fm. †Praelepadidae Chernyshev 1930
+
G. †Illilepas Schram 1986
+
†Illilepas damrowi Schram 1975
G. †Praelepas Chernyshev 1930
+
†Praelepas jaworskii Chernyshev 1930
Or. Iblomorpha Buckeridge and Newman 2006
+
Fm. Iblidae Leach 1825
+
Subfm. Iblinae Leach 1825
+
G. Ibla Leach 1825
Subfm. Neoiblinae Buckeridge and Newman 2006
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G. Neoibla Buckeridge and Newman 2006
Fm. Idioiblidae Buckeridge and Newman 2006
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Subfm. Chaetolepadinae Buckeridge and Newman 2006
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G. Chitinolepas Buckeridge and Newman 2006
Subfm. Idioiblinae Buckeridge and Newman 2006
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G. Idioibla Buckeridge and Newman 2006
Superor. Thoracicalcarea Gale 2016
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Or. †Archaeolepadomorpha Chan et al. 2021
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Fm. †Archaeolepadidae Gale 2019
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G. †Archaeolepas Zittel 1885
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†Archaeolepas royeri de Loriol 1872
G. †Loriolepas Gale 2016
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†Loriolepas decora Harbort 1905
†Loriolepas planulatus Morris 1845
†Loriolepas suprajurensis de Loriol 1867
Fm. †Myolepadidae Gale 2015
+
G. †Bosquetlepas Gale 2015
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†Bosquetlepas brydonei Withers 1935
†Bosquetlepas contigua Collins 1983
†Bosquetlepas darwiniana Bosquet 1854
†Bosquetlepas gracilis Roemer 1841
†Bosquetlepas subplena Collins 1983
†Bosquetlepas turonica Withers 1935
†Bosquetlepas valida Steenstrup 1839
†Bosquetlepas zeidleri Reuss 1864
G. †Myolepas Gale 2015
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†Myolepas scanica Withers 1935
†Myolepas solida Zullo 1987
Fm. †Stramentidae Withers 1920
+
Subfm. †Loriculinae Gale 2016
+
G. †Blastolepas Drushchits and Zevina 1969
G. †Loriculina Dames 1885
G. †Metaloriculina Gale 2016
Subfm. †Stramentinae Withers 1920
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G. †Angulatergum Hauschke 1994
G. †Leweslepas Gale 2016
G. †Parastramentum Gale 2016
G. †Stramentum Logan 1897
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Invalid names: Loricula Sowerby 1843 [replaced], Squama Logan 1897 [synonym]
Invalid names: Stramentum saadensis Davadie and Emberger 1954 [nomen dubium]
Or. Balanomorpha Pilsbry 1916
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Superfm. Balanoidea Leach 1817
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Fm. Balanidae Leach 1817
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Subfm. Acastinae Kolbasov 1993
Subfm. Amphibalaninae Pitombo 2004
Subfm. Archaeobalaninae Newman and Ross 1976
Subfm. Balaninae Leach 1817
Subfm. Bryozobiinae Ross and Newman 1996
G. †Cetolepas Zullo 1969
Subfm. Concavinae Zullo 1992
Subfm. Hexacreusiinae Zullo and Newman 1996
Subfm. Megabalaninae Newman 1979
Subfm. Semibalaninae Newman and Ross 1976
Subfm. Wanellinae Chan et al. 2021
Invalid names: Archaeobalanidae Newman and Ross 1976 [synonym], Creusiinae Baluck and Radwanski 1967 [empty], Emersoninae Ross and Newman 1967 [empty]
Fm. Pyrgomatidae Gray 1825 [coral barnacle]
+
Subfm. Ceratoconchinae Newman and Ross 1976
Subfm. Megatrematinae Holthuis 1982
Subfm. Pyrgomatinae Gray 1825
Fm. †Brachylepadidae Woodward 1901
+
+
†Brachylepas americana Zullo et al. 1987
†Brachylepas angulosa Collins 1973
†Brachylepas guascoi Bosquet 1857
†Brachylepas naissanti Hebert 1855
†Brachylepas thieli Gale 2020
G. †Calvatilepas Gale and Vidovic 2023
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†Calvatilepas recurvus Gale and Vidovic 2023
G. †Crithmumlepas Gale and Vidovic 2023
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†Crithmumlepas aycliffensis Gale and Vidovic 2023
†Crithmumlepas hoensis Gale and Vidovic 2023
G. †Epibrachylepas Gale 2014
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†Epibrachylepas smeetsi Bosquet 1857
G. †Fallaxlepas Gale 2020
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†Fallaxlepas fallax Darwin 1851
†Fallaxlepas nervosa Alekseev 2009
G. †Parabrachylepas Gale 2014
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†Parabrachylepas ifoensis Withers 1935
Superfm. Chthamaloidea Darwin 1854
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Fm. Catophragmidae Utinomi 1968
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G. Catolasmus Ross and Newman 2001
G. Catophragmus Sowerby 1826
Fm. Chthamalidae Darwin 1854
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G. Caudoeuraphia Poltarukha 1997
G. Chamaesipho Darwin 1854
G. Chinochthamalus Foster 1980
G. Chthamalus Ranzani 1817
G. Euraphia Conrad 1837
G. Hexechamaesipho Poltarukha 1996
G. Jehlius Ross 1971
G. Microeuraphia Poltarukha 1997
G. Nesochthamalus Foster and Newman 1987
G. Notochthamalus Foster and Newman 1987
G. Octomeris Sowerby 1825
G. Pseudoeuraphia Poltarukha 2000
G. Rehderella Foster and Newman 1987
G. Tetrachthamalus Newman 1967
Fm. Pachylasmatidae Utinomi 1968
+
Subfm. Eolasmatinae Jones 2000
G. Eutomolasma Jones 2000
Subfm. Metalasmatinae Jones 2000
Subfm. Pachylasmatinae Utinomi 1968
Fm. Waikalasmatidae Ross and Newman 2001
+
G. Waikalasma Buckeridge 1983
Superfm. Coronuloidea Leach 1817
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Fm. Austrobalanidae Newman and Ross 1976
+
G. Austrobalanus Pilsbry 1916
Fm. Bathylasmatidae Newman and Ross 1971
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Subfm. Bathylasmatinae Newman and Ross 1971
Subfm. Hexelasmatinae Newman and Ross 1976
Fm. Chelonibiidae Pilsbry 1916 [turtle barnacle]
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Subfm. Chelonibiinae Pilsbry 1916
Subfm. †Protochelonibiinae Harzhauser and Newman 2011
Fm. Coronulidae Leach 1817 [whale barnacle]
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G. Cetopirus Ranzani 1817
G. Chelolepas Ross and Frick 2007
G. Coronula Bruguière 1792
G. Cryptolepas Dall 1872
G. Cylindrolepas Pilsbry 1916
G. †Emersonius Ross 1967
G. Platylepas Gray 1825
G. Stomatolepas Pilsbry 1916
G. Tubicinella Lamarck 1802
G. Xenobalanus Steenstrup 1851
Invalid names: Coronulinae Leach 1817 [empty], Platylepadidae Newman and Ross 1976 [synonym]
Fm. Tetraclitidae Gruvel 1903
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G. Astroclita Ren and Liu 1979
G. Epopella Ross 1970
G. Lissaclita Gomez-Daglio and Van Syoc 2006
G. Neonrosella Jones 2010
G. Newmanella Ross 1969
G. †Tesseroplax Ross 1969
G. Tesseropora Pilsbry 1916
G. Tetraclita Schumacher 1817
G. †Tetraclitella Hiro 1939
G. Yamaguchiella Ross and Perreault 1999
Invalid names: Tetraclitoidea Gruvel 1903 [synonym]
Superfm. Elminoidea Foster 1982
+
Fm. Elminidae Foster 1982
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G. Austrominius Buckeridge 1983
G. Elminius Leach 1825
G. Hexaminius Foster 1982
G. †Matellonius Buckeridge 1983
G. †Protelminius Buckeridge and Newman 2010
Infraor. Neobalanomorpha Gale 2014
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Superfm. Chionelasmatoidea Buckeridge 1983
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Fm. Chionolasmatidae Buckeridge 1983
Invalid names: Pachylasmatoidea Pilsbry 1916 [empty]
Superfm. †Pachydiadematoidea Chan et al. 2021
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Fm. †Pachydiadematidae Chan et al. 2021
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G. †Pachydiadema Withers 1935
Unr. Calamida Gale 2019
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Subor. Lepadomorpha Gruvel 1905
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Fm. †Cyprilepadidae Newman and Zullo 1969
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G. †Rhamphoverritor Briggs et al. 2005
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†Rhamphoverritor reduncus Briggs et al. 2005
Or. Calanticomorpha Chan et al. 2021
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Fm. Calanticidae Zevina 1978
+
G. Aurivillialepas Newman 1980
G. Calantica Gray 1825
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Subg. Calantica (Calantica) Gray 1825
†Calantica villosus Leach 1824
G. Crosnieriella Jones 1998
G. Euscalpellum Hoek 1907
+
†Euscalpellum balcombicum Buckeridge 1983
†Euscalpellum carolinensis Zullo and Baum 1981
†Euscalpellum cliftonense Withers 1953
†Euscalpellum egmontense Buckeridge 1983
†Euscalpellum eocenense Meyer 1885
†Euscalpellum meridianum Chapman and Crespin 1928
†Euscalpellum wheeleri Zullo et al. 1992
G. †Gruvelialepas Newman 1980
G. Newmanilepas Nevina and Yakhontova 1987
G. Paracalantica Utinomi 1958
G. Smilium Leach 1825
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†Smilium calanticoideum Buckeridge 1983
Smilium peronii Gray 1825
†Smilium subplanum Withers 1913
†Smilium tortachillense Buckeridge 1983
G. †Zeascalpellum Buckeridge 1983
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†Zeascalpellum crassum Buckeridge 1983
Fm. †Cretiscalpellidae Buckeridge 1983
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G. †Cretiscalpellum Withers 1922
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†Cretiscalpellum glabrum Roemer 1841
†Cretiscalpellum harnedi Collins 1973
†Cretiscalpellum macrum Collins 1973
†Cretiscalpellum naidini Alekseev 2009
†Cretiscalpellum obtusum Jagt and Collins 1989
†Cretiscalpellum sharapovi Alekseev 2009
†Cretiscalpellum striatum Darwin 1851
†Cretiscalpellum unguis Sowerby 1836
†Cretiscalpellum vallum Collins 1973
†Cretiscalpellum venustum Collins 1973
G. †Jagtscalpellum Gale 2020
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G. †Striascalpellum Gale 2020
G. †Witherscalpellum Gale 2020
G. †Pachyscalpellum Buckeridge 1991
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†Pachyscalpellum cramptoni Buckeridge 1991
†Pachyscalpellum glauerti Withers 1926
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Invalid names: Pollicipes aboriginalis Buckeridge 1983 [synonym]
Fm. †Titanolepadidae Gale 2015
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G. †Ivoelepas Gale 2015
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†Ivoelepas ambigua Babinot et al. 1979
†Ivoelepas broggi Pilsbry and Olsson 1951
†Ivoelepas ischnia Pilsbry and Olsson 1951
†Ivoelepas nielseni Gale 2015
†Ivoelepas rectibasis Pilsbry and Olsson 1951
†Ivoelepas withersi Pilsbry and Olsson 1951
†Ivolepas worthensis Gale 2020
G. †Levelepas Gale 2015
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†Levelepas roeperi Gale 2015
†Levelepas subtuberculata Withers 1935
G. †Titanolepas Withers 1913
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†Titanolepas martini Withers 1935
†Titanolepas spinifer Gale 2015
†Titanolepas tuberculata Darwin 1851
Or. Pollicipomorpha Chan et al. 2021
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Fm. Lithotryidae Gruvel 1905
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G. Lithotrya Sowerby 1822
Fm. Pollicipedidae Gruvel 1905
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G. Anelasma Darwin 1852
G. Capitulum Gray 1825
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†Capitulum caelatum Withers 1935
†Capitulum lailae Gipp 1927
G. Pollicipes Leach 1817
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†Pollicipes filosus Withers 1911
†Pollicipes nitidum Collins 1974
†Pollicipes striatum Gale 2015
†Pollicipes vansyoci Gale 2015
Fm. †Zeugmatolepadidae Newman 2004
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Subfm. †Martillepadinae Gale 2014
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G. †Concinnalepas Gale 2014
G. †Etcheslepas Gale 2014
G. †Icenilepas Gale 2014
G. †Litholepas Nagler et al. 2017
G. †Martillepas Gale 2014
G. †Subsecolepas Gale 2020
Subfm. †Zeugmatolepadinae Newman 1996
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G. †Aporolepas Withers 1953
G. †Tetrinus Hurt 1992
G. †Texaslepas Gale 2020
G. †Zeugmatolepas Withers 1913
Or. Scalpellomorpha Newman 1987
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Superfm. Lepadoidea Darwin 1852
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Fm. Heteralepadidae Nilsson-Cantrell 1921
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G. Alepas Rang 1829
G. Heteralepas Pilsbry 1907
G. Koleolepas Stebbing 1900
G. Paralepas Pilsbry 1907
Fm. Lepadidae Darwin 1851
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G. Conchoderma von Olfers 1814
G. Dosima Gray 1925
G. Hyalolepas Annandale 1906
G. Lepas Linnaeus 1758
G. †Pristinolepas Buckeridge 1983
Fm. Malacolepadidae Hiro 1937
+
G. Arcalepas Jones and Morton 2009
G. Malacolepas Hiro 1933
Fm. Poecilasmatidae Annandale 1909
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G. †Archoxynaspis Van Syoc and Dekelboum 2011
G. Dianajonesia Kocak and Kemal 2008
G. Dichelaspis Darwin 1852
G. Glyptelasma Pilsbry 1907
G. Megalasma Hoek 1883
G. Microlepas Hoek 1907
G. Minyaspis Van Syoc and Dekelboum 2011
G. Octolasmis Gray 1825
G. Oxynaspis Darwin 1852
G. Pagurolepas Stubbings 1940
G. Poecilasma Darwin 1851
G. Rugilepas Grygier and Newman 1991
G. Scleraspis Van Syoc and Dekelboum 2012
G. Temnaspis Fischer 1884
G. Trilasmis Hinds 1844
Invalid names: Microlepadidae Zevina 1980 [synonym], Oxynaspididae Gruvel 1905 [synonym]
Fm. Rhizolepadidae Zevina 1980
+
G. Rhizolepas Gay 1939
Superfm. Neolepadoidea Yamaguchi et al. 2004
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Fm. Neobrachylepadidae Newman and Yamaguchi 1995
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G. Neobrachylepas Newman and Yamaguchi 1995
Fm. Neolepadidae Yamaguchi et al. 2004
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G. Ashinkailepas Yamamoto et al. 2004
G. Leucolepas Southward and Jones 2003
G. Neolepas Newman 1979
G. †Stipilepas Carriol 2016
G. Vulcanolepas Southward and Jones 2003
Fm. Neoverrucidae Newman 1989
+
G. Imbricaverruca Newman 2000
G. Neoverruca Newman and Yamaguchi 1995
Superfm. Scalpelloidea Pilsbry 1907
+
Fm. †Proverrucidae Newman 1989
+
G. †Proverruca Withers 1914
Fm. Scalpellidae Pilsbry 1907
+
Subfm. Amigdoscalpellinae Gale 2016
G. Anguloscalpellum Zevina 1978
G. Barbascalpellum Zevina 1978
Subfm. Brochiinae Zevina 1978
G. Compressoscalpellum Zevina 1978
G. Diceroscalpellum Zevina 1978
Subfm. Meroscalpellinae Zevina 1978
G. Pilsbryiscalpellum Zevina 1978
G. Planoscalpellum Zevina 1978
G. Pteroscalpellum Zevina 1978
Subfm. Scalpellinae Pilsbry 1907
+
Invalid names: Arcoscalpellinae Zevina 1978 [synonym]
Subfm. Scalpellopsinae Zevina 1978
G. Sinoscalpellum Ren and Sha 2014
G. Teloscalpellum Zevina 1978
G. Trianguloscalpellum Zevina 1978
G. Vertebroscalpellum Newman and Ross 1998
Subfm. †Virgiscalpellinae Gale 2020
Unr. Sessilia Lamarck 1818
+
Invalid names: Brachylepadomorpha Withers 1923 [invalid subgroup]
Or. Verrucomorpha Pilsbry 1916
+
Fm. †Eoverrucidae Gale 2020
+
G. †Eoverruca Withers 1935
+
†Eoverruca aubensis Gale 2020
†Eoverruca barringtonensis Gale and Vidovic 2023
†Eoverruca hewitti Withers 1935
†Eoverruca symmetrica Gale 2020
Fm. †Pycnolepadidae Gale and Vidovic 2023
+
G. †Faxelepas Gale 2014
+
†Faxelepas bruennichi Withers 1914
†Faxelepas ignabergensis Carlsson 1953
†Faxelepas landenica Withers 1953
†Faxelepas paronai de Alessandri 1895
G. †Pedupycnolepas Gale 2014
+
†Pedupycnolepas articulata Collins 1980
†Pedupycnolepas lamellatus Gale and Vidovic 2023
G. †Pycnolepas Withers 1914
+
†Pycnolepas batchelorum Gale and Vidovic 2023
†Pycnolepas fimbriata Withers 1912
†Pycnolepas orientalis Kolosváry 1966
†Pycnolepas rigida Sowerby 1836
†Pycnolepas scalaris Withers 1914
†Pycnolepas tithonica Withers 1912
Fm. Verrucidae Darwin 1854
+
G. Altiverruca Pilsbry 1916
G. Brochiverruca Zevina 1993
G. Cameraverruca Pilsbry 1916
G. Costatoverruca Young 1998
G. Cristallinaverruca Young 2002
G. Gibbosaverruca Young 2002
G. Globuloverruca Young 2004
G. Metaverruca Pilsbry 1916
+
+
Invalid names: Verruca capsula Hoek 1913 [synonym], Verruca halotheca Pilsbry 1907 [synonym]
G. Newmaniverruca Young 1998
G. †Priscoverruca Gale 2014
+
†Priscoverruca prisca Bosquet 1854
G. †Rostratoverruca Broch 1922
+
†Rostratoverruca pusilla Bosquet 1857
G. Spongoverruca Zevina 1987
G. Verruca Schumacher 1817
+
Subg. †Verruca (Verruca) Schumacher 1817
†Verruca alabamensis Perreault and Buckeridge 2019
†Verruca gailgoedertae Perreault and Buckeridge 2019
†Verruca jagti Gale 2014
†Verruca sauria Buckeridge 2011
†Verruca sorrellae Perreault and Buckeridge 2019
†Verruca stroemia Müller 1776
G. †Youngiverruca Gale 2014
+
Invalid names: Unilatera Gale 2019 [empty]
Invalid names: Pedunculata Lamarck 1818 [empty], Scalpelliformes Buckeridge and Newman 2006 [empty]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
Locomotion: stationaryc
Attached: yesc
Epibiont: yesc
Life habit: epifaunalc
Diet: suspension feederc
Vision: limitedc
Created: 2008-03-04 07:51:33
Modified: 2011-06-14 02:28:17
Source: c = class
Reference: Kiessling 2004

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Wenlock to the top of the Holocene or 433.40000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 427.4 Ma

Collections (1091 total)

Oldest occurrences

Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Wenlock433.4 - 427.4United Kingdom Rhamphoverritor reduncus (68060)
Moscovian315.2 - 307.0USA (Illinois) Praelepas damrowi (132078)
Late/Upper Pliensbachian189.6 - 183.0Canada (British Columbia) Balanus sp. (53089)
Late/Upper Kimmeridgian155.7 - 150.8Germany (Baden-Württemberg) Eolepas quenstedti (154138)
Tithonian152.1 - 145.0Czech Republic Brachylepas fimbriatus (160378) Brachylepas tithonicus (160376)
Early/Lower Tithonian150.8 - 145.0Germany (Bavaria) Pollicipes redenbacheri (210310)
Early/Lower Tithonian150.8 - 145.0Germany (Bayern) Archaeolepas sp. (31991) Pollicipes redenbacheri (133581)
Early/Lower Tithonian150.8 - 145.0France Loriolepas suprajurensis (210312) Pollicipes suprajurensis (210313)
Late/Upper Berriasian - Valanginian145.0 - 132.9Germany Archaeolepas decora (95087)
Early/Lower Valanginian140.2 - 136.4Germany Archaeolepas decora (210314)
Early/Lower Hauterivian136.4 - 130.0France Scalpellidae indet. (59653)
Early/Lower Hauterivian136.4 - 130.0Germany Jaegerscalpellum elegans, Martillepas decoratus, Martillepas hausmanni, Etcheslepas borealis, Pedupycnolepas pulcher (91586)
Early/Lower Hauterivian136.4 - 130.0United Kingdom (England) Martillepas auriculum (183551)
Late/Upper Hauterivian136.4 - 130.0Germany Cretiscalpellum mutterlosei (210473) Martillepas auriculum (210466)
Hauterivian132.9 - 129.4Germany Scalpellum bronni (211484)
Hauterivian - Aptian132.9 - 113.0South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Zeugmatolepas georgiensis (209141)
Aptian125.0 - 113.0United Kingdom (England) Cretiscalpellum aptiense (1841) Virgiscalpellum wrighti, Cretiscalpellum sp. (1747)
Late/Upper Aptian122.46 - 113.0United Kingdom (England) Pycnolepas batchelorum (232243 232244)
Late/Upper Aptian122.46 - 113.0United Kingdom Scalpellum comptum (211496)
Late/Upper Aptian122.46 - 113.0New Zealand Cretiscalpellum glabrum (37059)