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Taxonomy
Homotherium venezuelensis was named by Rincón et al. (2011) [Hypodigm: Three upper canines, OR-712, OR-1349, OR-1350; four upper canine fragments, OR-080, OR-258, OR-1219, OR-1386; right I3, OR-256; two right P4, OR- 255, OR-1390; two left dentaries, OR-259, OR-330; two dentary fragments, OR-710, OR-711; left lower canine, OR-254; two right lower canines, OR- 771, OR-1221; left m1, OR1389; left i3 and lower canine associate, OR-1166; right i1 crown, OR-081; left i1, OR-1385; right i2, OR-1381; right i3, OR-1220; left i3 crown, OR-785; two left p4, OR-257, OR-1384.]. Its type specimen is OR-1352, a skull (complete and compressed skull, lacks the upper incisors, left third premolar and left first molar), and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is El Breal de Orocual, which is in a Pliocene/Pleistocene terrestrial tar/tar in the Mesa Formation of Venezuela.
It was recombined as Xenosmilus venezuelensis by Jiangzuo et al. (2022).
It was recombined as Xenosmilus venezuelensis by Jiangzuo et al. (2022).
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 2011 | Homotherium venezuelensis Rincón et al. |
| 2022 | Xenosmilus venezuelensis Jiangzuo et al. |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
†Xenosmilus venezuelensis Rincón et al. 2011
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Diagnosis
| Reference | Diagnosis | |
|---|---|---|
| A. D. Rincón et al. 2011 | Large size and presence of hypertrophied C1 with coarse serrations on mesial and distal crests as in derived Homotheriini (i.e., Machairodus, Xenosmilus, Homotherium); C1 proportionally shorter but mesiodistally longer than in Smilodontini; P2 absent; P3/p3 more reduced than in Machairodus; P3 with two roots and two cusps (has one root in H. serum and H. crenatidens, and three cusps in Machairodus and H. ischyrus); p3 present and double to single rooted (absent in Xenosmilus); short temporalis fossa and wider frontals as in Homotherium serum, Homotherium latidens, or Homotherium crenatidens, wider than in Xenosmilus or Machairodus; shorter sagittal crest than in Xenosmilus or Machairodus; angular process very well developed as in Xenosmilus, but not hypertrophied as in H. serum, Homotherium johnstoni, or H. latidens; very shallow masseteric fossa on the mandible, without the anterior ‘pocket’ present in H. serum and H. latidens; coronoid process short and inclined (H. latidens, H. ischyrus, and X. hodsonae have a straighter process); shorter muzzle than in other Homotheriini, without diastema between C1 and P3; palate as wide as long, proportionally shorter than in other Homotheriini; paraoccipital process well developed; short occipital height mandibular condyle at the same level as the lower tooth row. |
Measurements
| part | N | mean | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Basicranium–sagittal crest height | 1 | 90.3 | |||||
| Depth below m1 at lingual side height | 1 | 40.1 | |||||
| Depth below p3 at lingual side height | 1 | 39.6 | |||||
| Depth below p4 at lingual side height | 1 | 38.0 | |||||
| Depth masseteric fossa height | 1 | 43.7 | |||||
| External nares height | 1 | 37.2 | |||||
| Greatest diameter of the tympanic bulla diameter | 1 | 42.7 | |||||
| articular process height | 1 | 20.4 | |||||
| coronoid process height | 1 | 33.5 |
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| Source: f = family, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum | |||||
| References: Carroll 1988, Nowak 1991, Ji et al. 2002, Lillegraven 1979, Hendy et al. 2009 | |||||
Age range: base of the Late/Upper Pliocene to the top of the Early/Lower Pleistocene or 3.60000 to 0.78100 Ma
Collections: one only
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Late/Upper Pliocene - Early/Lower Pleistocene | Venezuela (Monagas) | Homotherium venezuelensis (type locality: 144977) |