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Taxonomy
Felis leo was named by Linnaeus (1758). It is extant.
It was recombined as Panthera leo by Kurten and Anderson (1980), Jefferson (1991), Johnson et al. (2006), Breitenmoser and Breitenmoser (2017).
It was recombined as Panthera leo by Kurten and Anderson (1980), Jefferson (1991), Johnson et al. (2006), Breitenmoser and Breitenmoser (2017).
Subspecies
Sister species lacking formal opinion data
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1758 | Felis leo Linnaeus p. 41 |
| 1873 | Felis imperialis Leidy p. 260 |
| 1902 | Felis imperialis Hay p. 782 |
| 1911 | Felis leo Thomas p. 135 |
| 1968 | Felis leo Kurten p. 85 |
| 1980 | Panthera leo Kurten and Anderson p. 191 |
| 1991 | Panthera leo Jefferson |
| 2006 | Panthera leo Johnson et al. p. 74 |
| 2017 | Panthera leo Breitenmoser and Breitenmoser p. 71 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Panthera leo Linnaeus 1758 [lion]
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†Panthera leo atrox Leidy 1853
†Panthera leo spelaea Goldfuss 1810
Invalid names: Felis imperialis Leidy 1873 [synonym]
†Panthera onca mesembrina Cabrera 1934
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Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Body mass estimates
| estimate | equation | reference |
|---|---|---|
| 102.3 kg | Mammalia femur diameter | Gingerich 1990 |
| 188.3 kg | Mammalia humerus diameter | Gingerich 1990 |
| 128.3 kg | Mammalia tibia diameter | Gingerich 1990 |
| mean: 135.2 kg | ||
Measurements
| part | N | mean | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| femur diameter | 1 | 27.3 | |||||
| humerus diameter | 1 | 36.8 | |||||
| radius diameter | 1 | 23.3 | |||||
| tibia diameter | 1 | 28.8 |
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| Source: g = genus, f = family, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum | |||||
| References: Carroll 1988, Ji et al. 2002, Hendy et al. 2009, Nowak 1991, Lillegraven 1979, Van Valkenburgh 1988 | |||||
Collections (125 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pliocene - Calabrian | South Africa | Panthera leo (21791) | |
| Blancan | USA (Kansas) | Felis imperialis (19926) | |
| Late/Upper Pliocene - Pleistocene | South Africa | Panthera leo (22334) | |
| Gelasian | Kenya | Panthera leo (21451) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | South Africa | Panthera leo (21824) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | France (Alpes Maritimes) | Felis leo (50342) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | Russian Federation (Respublika Saha (Jakutija)) | Panthera spelaea (48580) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | Germany (Thüringen) | Panthera spelaea (43020) | |
| Gelasian - Calabrian | Kenya | Panthera leo (21442) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene - Late/Upper Pleistocene | Italy (Sicily) | Panthera leo (94328) | |
| Pleistocene | Italy (Verona) | Panthera leo (43656) | |
| Pleistocene | Italy (Puglia) | Panthera leo (44091) | |
| Pleistocene | United Kingdom (Wales) | Panthera leo (34940) | |
| Pleistocene | South Africa | Panthera leo (21695 21825 21929 21931 21953 21954 21956) | |
| Pleistocene | Morocco | Panthera leo (22489) | |
| Pleistocene | Libya | Panthera leo (21864) | |
| Pleistocene | USA (Virginia) | Felis atrox, Panthera atrox (74143) | |
| Pleistocene | Kenya | Panthera leo (21963) | |
| Pleistocene | Greece (Chalkidiki) | Panthera leo (183123) | |
| Pleistocene | Tanzania | Panthera leo (190014) | |
| Pleistocene | Greece (Peloponnisos) | Panthera leo (34809) | |
| Pleistocene | Mexico (Jalisco) | Felis concolor (20285) | |
| Pleistocene | Spain (Segovia) | Felis spelaea (36517) | |
| Pleistocene | Russian Federation | Panthera spelaea (190074) | |
| Pleistocene | Belgium | Panthera leo (34127) | |
| Pleistocene | USA (Mississippi) | Felis atrox (161194) | |
| Pleistocene - Holocene | South Africa | Panthera leo (21711 21950 21957) | |
| Pleistocene - Holocene | Morocco | Panthera leo (21856) | |
| Calabrian | South Africa | Panthera leo (21822) | |
| Irvingtonian | USA (Kansas) | Felis atrox (20166) Panthera atrox (20295) | |
| Irvingtonian | USA (Nebraska) | Felis atrox (20347) | |
| Irvingtonian | USA (Florida) | Felis atrox (20520) | |
| Irvingtonian | USA (Maryland) | Felis atrox, Panthera atrox (20302) | |
| Irvingtonian | USA (Texas) | Felis atrox (20533) | |
| Irvingtonian | Mexico (Aguascalientes) | Panthera atrox (20283) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Italy (Verona) | Felis leo (43649 43654 43664) Panthera leo (43651 43653) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Germany (Rheinland-Pfalz) | Panthera leo (50196) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Germany (Baden-Wuerttemberg) | Panthera leo (50199 50259) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Germany (Niedersachsen) | Panthera leo (50249) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | USA (California) | Felis atrox (20639) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | United Kingdom (Suffolk) | Panthera leo (49814) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Türkiye | Panthera leo (43008) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Spain | Panthera leo (34926) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Morocco | Panthera leo (34287 34330 42866) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Syria | Panthera leo (67660) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Italy (Trieste) | Felis leo (43699) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Spain (Castilla-Leon) | Panthera leo (34927) | |
| Middle Pleistocene - Late/Upper Pleistocene | Kenya | Panthera leo (21276 21277 22272) | |
| Middle Pleistocene - Late/Upper Pleistocene | France (Poitou-Charentes) | Panthera leo (43618) | |
| Middle Pleistocene - Late/Upper Pleistocene | Italy (Trieste) | Felis leo (43702) | |
| Middle Pleistocene - Late/Upper Pleistocene | Kazakhstan | Panthera spelaea (40497) | |
| Rancholabrean | USA (Florida) | Panthera atrox (195112) | |
| Rancholabrean | USA (South Carolina) | Panthera leo (79757) | |
| Rancholabrean | USA (California) | Felis atrox (152009) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Greece | Panthera leo (203847) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (late glacial) | USA (Arizona) | Felis atrox (93244) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial) | Canada (Alberta) | Felis atrox (20615) Panthera atrox (20576) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial) | Chile (Magallanes) | Panthera atrox (141367) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Russian Federation (Respublika Saha (Jakutija)) | Panthera spelaea (48587) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Congo-Kinshasa | Panthera leo (22066) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Peru (Piura) | Felis atrox (144976) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Russian Federation | Panthera spelaea (216029 216030 216031 216032) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Mexico (Quintana Roo) | Panthera atrox (212363) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Peru | Panthera sp. (71346) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Netherlands | Panthera leo (109703) Panthera spelaea (82530) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (late glacial) | USA (Wyoming) | Panthera atrox (93181) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial) | USA (Idaho) | Panthera atrox (20569) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Greece (Ioannina) | Felis spelaea (208564) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Kenya (Athi-Kapiti plains) | Panthera leo (32124) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Spain (Valencia) | Panthera leo (221415) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (late glacial) | Mexico (San Luis Potosi) | Felis atrox (71277) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Canada (Alberta) | Panthera atrox, Panthera spelaea (232472) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | South Africa | Felis leo, Panthera leo (21709) Panthera leo (115184) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (late glacial) | USA (Florida) | Panthera atrox (154722) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Chile | Panthera atrox (71341) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | United Kingdom (England) | Panthera leo (93828 96782) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Kenya (Athi-Kapiti) | Panthera leo (32119) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Mexico (Nuevo Leon) | Felis atrox (71345) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Argentina (Tierra del Fuego ) | Panthera atrox (213009) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Chile (Pali Aike) | Panthera atrox (213010) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (Wyoming) | Panthera atrox (93277) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | France (Poitou-Charentes) | Panthera leo (43629 43631) Panthera spelaea (43619) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (Texas) | Felis sp. (85142) Panthera leo (230753) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (glacial) | USA (California) | Panthera leo (155393) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Chile (Última Esperanza) | Panthera atrox (213007 213008) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene - Holocene | India (West Bengal) | Panthera leo (13456) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene - Holocene | USA (Virginia) | Panthera atrox (104680) | |
| Holocene | South Africa | Panthera leo (21896) | |
| Holocene | Bulgaria | Felis leo (232847) | |
| Holocene | Sudan | Panthera leo (208786 208787) | |
| Holocene | USA (Virginia) | Panthera atrox (104033) | |
| Holocene | South Africa (N. Transraal) | Panthera leo (21693) | |
| Holocene | Congo-Kinshasa | Panthera leo (22068) | |
| Holocene | Zambia | Panthera leo (21894) | |
| Holocene | Tanzania | Panthera leo (21690) |