PBDB Taxon

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Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Flustridae

Gymnolaemata - Cheilostomata - Flustridae

Taxonomy

Flustridae was named by Fleming (1828). Its type is Flustra.

It was assigned to Malacostega by Bassler (1953); to Cheilostomata by Bock (2006); and to Flustroidea by Berning (2006), Gordon (2012), Di Martino and Taylor (2014).

Subtaxa

Carbasea, Chartella, Flustra (syn. Eschara) (type genus), Gregarinidra, Hincksina, Hincksinoflustra, Isosecuriflustra, Kenella, Nematoflustra, Retiflustra, Sarsiflustra, Securiflustra, Serratiflustra, Spiralaria, Terminoflustra

Synonyms

Hincksinae was named by Canu and Bassler (1925) [also said to be 1925]. It is extant. Its type is Hincksina.

It was reranked as the family Hincksinidae by Canu and Bassler (1927), Canu and Bassler (1935), Bassler (1953), Brown (1958), Cheetham (1962), Pouyet (2000); it was synonymized subjectively with Flustridae by Gordon (2012).

It was assigned to Malacostega by Canu and Bassler (1927), Bassler (1953); to Membraniporidae by Brown (1958); and to Anasca by Canu and Bassler (1935), Cheetham (1962), Pouyet (2000).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1828	Flustridae Fleming
1927	Hincksinidae Canu and Bassler p. 3
1935	Hincksinidae Canu and Bassler
1953	Flustridae Bassler p. G157
1953	Hincksinidae Bassler p. G159
1958	Hincksinidae Brown
1962	Hincksinidae Cheetham p. 324
2000	Hincksinidae Pouyet
2006	Flustridae Berning p. 31
2006	Flustridae Bock
2012	Flustridae Gordon p. 4
2014	Flustridae Di Martino and Taylor

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Protostomia
—	Spiralia
superphylum	Lophotrochozoa
—	Lophophorata

Rank	Name	Author
phylum	Bryozoa	Ehrenberg 1831
class	Gymnolaemata	Allman 1856
order	Cheilostomata	Busk 1859
suborder	Neocheilostomina	d'Hondt 1985
superfamily	Flustroidea	Fleming 1828
family	Flustridae	Fleming 1828
family	Flustridae	Fleming 1828

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Fm. †Flustridae Fleming 1828

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G. Carbasea Gray 1848

G. Chartella Gray 1848

G. Flustra Linnaeus 1761

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†Flustra elegans Münster 1841

Invalid names: Eschara Linnaeus 1758 [synonym]

G. Gregarinidra Barrosa 1949

G. Hincksina Norman 1903

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Hincksina flustroides Hincks 1877

†Hincksina geminata Waters 1881

†Hincksina loxopora Reuss 1848

Hincksina ocalensis Canu and Bassler 1920

†Hincksina uniserialis Canu and Bassler 1935

G. Hincksinoflustra Bobin and Prenant 1961

G. Isosecuriflustra Liu and Hu 1991

G. Kenella Levinsen 1909

G. Nematoflustra Moyano 1972

G. Retiflustra Levinsen 1909

G. Sarsiflustra Jullien 1903

G. Securiflustra Silen 1941

G. Serratiflustra Moyano 1972

G. Spiralaria Busk 1861

G. Terminoflustra Silen 1942

Invalid names: Hincksinidae Canu and Bassler 1927 [synonym]

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

intermediate Mg calcitef

Environment:

marineuc

Locomotion:

stationaryo

Attached:

yeso

Life habit:

epifaunalo

Diet:

suspension feedero

Vision:

blindc

Reproduction:

oviparouso

Brooding:

yeso

Comments:

mean weight-% MgCO3=5.2 (range 6%) based on 50 measurementsf

Created:

2008-02-26 05:17:20

Modified:

2008-02-27 04:36:31

Source: f = family, o = order, c = class, uc = unranked clade

References: Nesnidal et al. 2013, Smith et al. 2006

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Wordian to the top of the Lujanian or 266.90000 to 0.01170 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 264.28 Ma

Collections (30 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Wordian	266.9 - 264.28	Italy	Eschara parvula (233340)
Julian	237.0 - 233.6	Italy	Flustra elegans (137429)
Early/Lower Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	France	Eschara sp. (59776)
Bartonian	41.03 - 37.71	USA (Alabama)	Hincksina jacksonica (7331)
Bartonian	41.03 - 37.71	United Kingdom (England)	Flustra sp. (40512)
Bartonian	41.03 - 37.71	Egypt	Eschara sp. (97545)
Bartonian	41.03 - 37.71	USA (Florida)	Hincksina bilaminaria (7330) Hincksina ocalensis (7322 7324)
Late/Upper Eocene	37.71 - 33.9	USA (Georgia)	Hincksina ocalensis (90479)
Rupelian	33.9 - 27.3	USA (Alabama)	Hincksina elegans, Hincksina costulifera (90528)
Rupelian	33.9 - 27.3	USA (Mississippi)	Hincksina ocalensis (90565)
Oligocene - Miocene	33.9 - 5.333	Australia (Victoria)	Hincksina geminata (173512 173526 173527)
Chattian	27.3 - 23.04	Australia (Victoria)	Hincksina uniserialis (174145)
Chattian	27.3 - 23.04	Germany	Eschara fissimargo, Eschara whitei (46102)
Miocene - Oligocene	23.04 - 23.04	Australia (Victoria)	Hincksina geminata (173504 173506 173511)
Langhian	15.98 - 13.82	Australia (Victoria)	Hincksina geminata (167299)
Tortonian	11.63 - 7.246	Spain	Hincksina flustroides (177486) Hincksina loxopora (177481 177482) Hincksina sp. (178465)
Tortonian - Messinian	11.63 - 5.333	Ukraine (Crimea)	Hincksina sp. (194986)
Zanclean	5.333 - 3.6	Portugal	Hincksina sp. (152330)
Pliocene	5.333 - 2.58	Spain	Hincksina flustroides (177490) Hincksina flustroides, Hincksina loxopora (177489)
Lujanian	0.4 - 0.0117	Argentina	Flustra sp. (204208)