PBDB Taxon

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Tyrannosauridae (tyrannosaurid)

Reptilia - Tyrannosauridae

Taxonomy

Tyrannosauridae was named by Osborn (1906). Its type is Tyrannosaurus.

It was synonymized subjectively with Deinodontidae by Matthew and Brown (1922), Tatarinov (1964) and Maleev (1968).

It was assigned to Therophagi by Jaekel (1914); to Megalosauria by Nopcsa (1923); to Carnosauria by Parsch (1963); to Saurischia by Madsen and Miller (1979); to Dinoaves by Bakker (1986); to Allosauria by Paul (1988); to Carnosauria by Romer (1956), Lapparent (1960), Estes (1964), Colbert (1964), Romer (1966), Miller (1967), Colbert and Russell (1969), Reig (1970), Steel (1970), Barsbold (1976), Barsbold (1977), Bonaparte (1978), Baird and Horner (1979), Dong (1979), Bonaparte (1980), Ostrom (1980), Barsbold (1983), Russell (1984), Mader and Bradley (1989), Kurzanov (1989) and Dong (1992); to Carnosauria by Gauthier (1986), Molnar et al. (1990) and Russell and Dong (1994); to Arctometatarsalia by Holtz (1994), Holtz (1995), Holtz (1996), Hutchinson and Padian (1997), Holtz (1998) and Holtz (2000); to Theropoda by Eberth et al. (2001); to Theropoda by Osborn (1906), Rozhdestvensky (1977), Carroll (1988), Carpenter (1992) and Peng et al. (2001); to Coelurosauria by Novas (1992), Sereno et al. (1994), Currie (1995), Sereno (1997), Zinke (1998) and Coria and Currie (2006); to Theropoda by Langston (1974), Coulton (1976), McIntosh (1981), Thulborn (1984) and Chure et al. (2006); to Coelurosauria by Currie (1997) and Hendrickx and Mateus (2014); and to Tyrannosauroidea by Walker (1964), Charig (1967), Bonaparte et al. (1990), Sereno (1998), Rauhut (2003), Holtz (2004), Carr et al. (2005), Xu et al. (2006), Li et al. (2009), Rauhut et al. (2010), Benson et al. (2010), Carr et al. (2011), Loewen et al. (2013), Lü et al. (2014), Williamson and Brusatte (2014), Carr et al. (2017) and Yun (2017).

Subtaxa

Albertosaurinae, Albertosaurus, Aublysodon, Deinodontinae (syn. Aublysodontinae), Gorgosaurus, Ornithomimus grandis, Tarbosaurus (syn. Jenghizkhan, Maleevosaurus, Shanshanosaurus), Tyrannosaurinae (syn. Shanshanosaurinae), Tyrannosauripodidae, Yezosaurus

Synonyms

Aublysodon was named by Leidy (1868). It is the type genus of Aublysodontinae. It was considered monophyletic by Currie (2000).

It was synonymized subjectively with Deinodon by Hay (1902), Osborn (1905), Matthew and Brown (1922), Hay (1930), Gilmore (1946), Tatarinov (1964) and Maleev (1968); it was synonymized subjectively with Dinodon by Huene (1926); it was synonymized subjectively with Gorgosaurus by Romer (1966); it was considered a nomen nudum by Lambe (1902); it was considered a nomen dubium by Carr and Williamson (2000); it was considered a nomen dubium by Holtz (2004), Carr (2010) and Torres-Rodríguez et al. (2010).

It was assigned to Goniopoda by Cope (1870); to Goniopoda by Cope (1877); to Megalosauridae by Nopcsa (1901); to Megalosauridae by Zittel (1890) and Huene (1909); to Coeluridae by von Zittel (1911); to Deinodontidae by Stromer (1934); to Theropoda by Clemens (1986); to Theropoda by Carroll (1988); to Aublysodontidae by Russell (1984) and Molnar and Carpenter (1989); to Carnosauria by Molnar et al. (1990); to Tyrannosauroidea by Sereno (1998); to Aublysodontinae by Nopcsa (1928), Paul (1988), Holtz (1997), Manabe (1999), Currie (2000) and Holtz (2001); and to Tyrannosauridae by Romer (1956), Parsch (1963), Charig (1967), Steel (1970), Barsbold (1983), Currie (1987), Lehman and Carpenter (1990), Currie (1992), Ryan (1997), Eberth (1997), Zinke (1998), Eberth et al. (2001), Peng et al. (2001) and Rauhut (2003).
Dinodontidae was named by Cope (1866). Its type is Deinodon.

It was synonymized subjectively with Megalosauridae by Hay (1902); it was synonymized subjectively with Tyrannosauridae by Romer (1956), Walker (1964), Romer (1966) and Steel (1970); it was considered a nomen vanum by Russell (1970); it was corrected as Deinodontidae by Matthew (1915), Matthew and Brown (1922), Huene (1923), Lull (1924), Hay (1930), Stromer (1934), Kuhn (1946), Tatarinov (1964), Kuhn (1966), Russell (1967), Maleev (1968) and Thurmond and Jones (1981).

It was assigned to Goniopoda by Matthew and Brown (1922); to Coelurosauria by Huene (1923), Huene (1926) and Huene (1927); to Coelurosauria by Huene (1929); to Theropoda by Russell (1930); to Megalosauroidae by Hay (1930); to Deinodontia by Roxo (1937); to Dinosauria by Rapp (1944); to Carnosauria by Kuhn (1946); to Deinodontoidea by Tatarinov (1964); to Tyrannosauroidea by Kuhn (1966); to Saurischia by Russell (1967); to Megalosauroidea by Maleev (1968); to Carnosauria by Huene (1929), Stromer (1934), Huene (1948), Huene (1959) and Swinton (1970); and to Theropoda by Matthew (1915), Lull (1924) and Thurmond and Jones (1981).
Aublysodon mirandus was named by Leidy (1868). Its type specimen is ANSP 9535, a tooth, and it is a 3D body fossil.

It was synonymized subjectively with Aublysodon horridus by Cope (1868), Cope (1874) and Cope (1875); it was synonymized subjectively with Deinodon horridus by Hay (1902), Matthew and Brown (1922), Hay (1930) and Kuhn (1939); it was synonymized subjectively with Tyrannosaurus rex by Currie (2003); it was considered a nomen dubium by Holtz (2004) and Dalman et al. (2018).
Aublysodon cristatus was named by Marsh (1892). It is a 3D body fossil.

It was recombined as Deinodon cristatus by Hay (1902); it was synonymized subjectively with Tyrannosaurus rex by Steel (1970); it was synonymized subjectively with Aublysodon mirandus by Molnar and Carpenter (1989) and Molnar et al. (1990); it was recombined as Stygivenator cristatus by Olshevsky (2000); it was considered a nomen dubium by Holtz (2004).
Aublysodon amplus was named by Marsh (1892). It is a 3D body fossil.

It was recombined as Deinodon amplus by Hay (1902); it was recombined as Tyrannosaurus amplus by Hay (1930) and Kuhn (1939); it was synonymized subjectively with Tyrannosaurus rex by Steel (1970); it was synonymized subjectively with Aublysodon mirandus by Molnar and Carpenter (1989) and Molnar et al. (1990); it was recombined as Stygivenator amplus by Olshevsky (2000); it was considered a nomen dubium by Holtz (2004).
Ornithomimus grandis was named by Marsh (1890). Its type specimen is metatarsal III (lost), a limb element, and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is east side, Cow Creek, which is in a Campanian terrestrial horizon in the Eagle Sandstone Formation of Montana.

It was recombined as Deinodon grandis by Gilmore (1920); it was synonymized subjectively with Deinodon horridus by Matthew and Brown (1922); it was considered a nomen dubium by Russell (1972); it was considered a nomen dubium by Holtz (2004) and Claessens and Loewen (2016).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1866	Dinodontidae Cope
1868	Aublysodon Leidy p. 198
1868	Aublysodon mirandus Leidy p. 198
1870	Aublysodon Cope p. 120
1877	Aublysodon Cope p. 572
1890	Ornithomimus grandis Cannon p. 253
1890	Ornithomimus grandis Marsh p. 85
1890	Aublysodon Zittel p. 726
1890	Ornithomimus grandis Zittel p. 767
1892	Aublysodon amplus Marsh
1892	Aublysodon cristatus Marsh
1892	Aublysodon amplus Marsh p. 174
1892	Aublysodon cristatus Marsh p. 175
1893	Ornithomimus grandis Winkler p. 111
1896	Ornithomimus grandis Marsh p. 206
1901	Ornithomimus grandis Gadow p. 429
1901	Aublysodon Nopcsa p. 199
1901	Aublysodon amplus Nopcsa p. 199
1901	Aublysodon cristatus Nopcsa p. 199
1901	Aublysodon mirandus Nopcsa p. 199
1901	Ornithomimus grandis Nopcsa p. 201
1902	Deinodon amplus Hay p. 488
1902	Deinodon cristatus Hay p. 488
1902	Ornithomimus grandis Hay p. 494
1904	Ornithomimus grandis Lambe p. 33
1906	Tyrannosauridae Osborn p. 283
1909	Aublysodon Huene p. 15
1911	Aublysodon von Zittel p. 281
1914	Aublysodon mirandus Brown p. 378
1914	Tyrannosauridae Jaekel p. 197
1915	Deinodontidae Matthew p. 32
1920	Deinodon grandis Gilmore p. 122
1922	Deinodontidae Matthew and Brown p. 378
1923	Deinodontidae Huene p. 457 fig. 3
1923	Tyrannosauridae Nopcsa p. 126
1924	Deinodontidae Lull p. 230
1926	Dinodontidae Huene p. 101
1927	Dinodontidae Huene p. 256
1927	Ornithomimus grandis Huene p. 260
1928	Aublysodon Nopcsa p. 183
1929	Dinodontidae Huene p. 155
1930	Deinodontidae Hay p. 176
1930	Tyrannosaurus amplus Hay p. 180
1930	Ornithomimus grandis Hay p. 183
1930	Dinodontidae Russell p. 136
1934	Ornithomimus grandis Huene p. 19
1934	Aublysodon Stromer p. 80
1934	Deinodontidae Stromer p. 80
1937	Dinodontidae Roxo p. 65
1939	Ornithomimus grandis Kuhn p. 51
1939	Tyrannosaurus amplus Kuhn p. 83
1944	Dinodontidae Rapp p. 287
1946	Deinodontidae Kuhn p. 65
1948	Dinodontidae Huene p. 90
1956	Aublysodon Romer p. 616
1956	Tyrannosauridae Romer p. 616
1959	Dinodontidae Huene p. 122
1960	Tyrannosauridae Lapparent p. 27
1963	Tyrannosauridae Parsch p. 4
1963	Aublysodon Parsch p. 6
1964	Tyrannosauridae Colbert pp. 21-22 fig. 6
1964	Tyrannosauridae Estes p. 144
1964	Deinodontidae Tatarinov p. 538
1964	Tyrannosauridae Walker p. 105
1966	Deinodontidae Kuhn p. 94
1966	Tyrannosauridae Romer p. 369
1967	Aublysodon Charig p. 714
1967	Tyrannosauridae Charig p. 714
1967	Tyrannosauridae Miller p. 232
1967	Deinodontidae Russell p. 11
1968	Deinodontidae Maleev p. 95
1969	Tyrannosauridae Colbert and Russell p. 45
1970	Tyrannosauridae Reig p. 279
1970	Ornithomimus grandis Steel p. 19
1970	Tyrannosauridae Steel p. 38
1970	Aublysodon Steel p. 40
1970	Aublysodon mirandus Steel p. 40
1970	Ornithomimus grandis Swinton p. 130
1970	Dinodontidae Swinton p. 151
1974	Tyrannosauridae Langston p. 82
1976	Tyrannosauridae Barsbold p. 74
1976	Tyrannosauridae Coulton p. 177
1977	Tyrannosauridae Barsbold p. 50
1977	Tyrannosauridae Rozhdestvensky p. 112
1978	Tyrannosauridae Bonaparte p. 323
1979	Tyrannosauridae Baird and Horner p. 6
1979	Tyrannosauridae Dong
1979	Tyrannosauridae Madsen and Miller p. 5
1980	Tyrannosauridae Bonaparte p. 82
1980	Tyrannosauridae Ostrom p. 22
1981	Tyrannosauridae McIntosh p. 8
1981	Deinodontidae Thurmond and Jones p. 144
1982	Aublysodon mirandus Carpenter p. 130
1983	Aublysodon Barsbold p. 95
1983	Tyrannosauridae Barsbold p. 95
1984	Aublysodon Russell p. 25
1984	Tyrannosauridae Russell p. 28
1984	Aublysodon mirandus Russell p. 34
1984	Tyrannosauridae Thulborn p. 133
1986	Tyrannosauridae Bakker p. 460
1986	Aublysodon Clemens p. 79
1986	Tyrannosauridae Gauthier p. 10
1987	Aublysodon Currie p. 54
1988	Aublysodon Carroll
1988	Tyrannosauridae Carroll
1988	Tyrannosauridae Paul p. 323
1988	Aublysodon Paul p. 324
1988	Aublysodon mirandus Paul p. 324
1989	Ornithomimus grandis Horner p. 154
1989	Tyrannosauridae Kurzanov p. 5
1989	Tyrannosauridae Mader and Bradley p. 43
1989	Aublysodon mirandus Molnar and Carpenter p. 447
1989	Aublysodon Molnar and Carpenter p. 453
1990	Tyrannosauridae Bonaparte et al. p. 40
1990	Aublysodon Lehman and Carpenter p. 1029
1990	Aublysodon mirandus Lehman and Carpenter p. 1030
1990	Tyrannosauridae Molnar et al. p. 189
1990	Aublysodon Molnar et al. p. 191
1990	Aublysodon mirandus Molnar et al. p. 191
1992	Tyrannosauridae Carpenter p. 253
1992	Aublysodon mirandus Currie pp. 241-242
1992	Aublysodon Currie p. 242
1992	Tyrannosauridae Dong pp. 164-165
1992	Tyrannosauridae Novas p. 147
1994	Tyrannosauridae Holtz
1994	Tyrannosauridae Russell and Dong p. 2125
1994	Tyrannosauridae Sereno et al. p. 270
1995	Tyrannosauridae Currie p. 25A
1995	Tyrannosauridae Holtz, Jr. p. 35A
1996	Tyrannosauridae Holtz, Jr. p. 42A
1997	Tyrannosauridae Currie p. 733
1997	Aublysodon Eberth p. 201
1997	Aublysodon Holtz, Jr. p. 53A
1997	Tyrannosauridae Hutchinson and Padian p. 129
1997	Aublysodon Ryan p. 391
1997	Aublysodon mirandus Ryan p. 391
1997	Tyrannosauridae Sereno p. 457
1998	Tyrannosauridae Holtz, Jr. p. 40
1998	Aublysodon Sereno p. 65
1998	Tyrannosauridae Sereno p. 65
1998	Tyrannosauridae Zinke p. 183
1998	Aublysodon Zinke p. 184
1999	Aublysodon mirandus Breithaupt p. 60
1999	Aublysodon Manabe p. 1177
2000	Aublysodon Currie p. 447
2000	Tyrannosauridae Holtz, Jr. p. 13 fig. 5
2000	Stygivenator amplus Olshevsky p. 155
2000	Stygivenator cristatus Olshevsky p. 155
2001	Aublysodon Eberth et al. p. 56
2001	Tyrannosauridae Eberth et al. p. 56
2001	Aublysodon mirandus Eberth et al. p. 58
2001	Aublysodon Holtz, Jr. pp. 67-68 fig. 7.2
2001	Aublysodon mirandus Holtz, Jr. pp. 67-68
2001	Aublysodon Peng et al. p. 40
2001	Tyrannosauridae Peng et al. p. 40
2003	Aublysodon Rauhut p. 43
2003	Aublysodon mirandus Rauhut p. 43
2003	Tyrannosauridae Rauhut p. 153
2004	Tyrannosauridae Holtz, Jr. p. 112
2005	Tyrannosauridae Carr et al. p. 140 fig. 21
2006	Tyrannosauridae Chure et al. p. 236
2006	Tyrannosauridae Coria and Currie p. 108 fig. 35
2006	Tyrannosauridae Xu et al. p. 717 fig. 3
2009	Tyrannosauridae Li et al.
2010	Tyrannosauridae Benson et al. p. 1613
2010	Tyrannosauridae Rauhut et al. p. 183 fig. 23
2011	Tyrannosauridae Carr et al.
2013	Tyrannosauridae Loewen et al. p. 2
2014	Tyrannosauridae Hendrickx and Mateus
2014	Tyrannosauridae Lü et al.
2014	Tyrannosauridae Williamson and Brusatte p. 7
2017	Tyrannosauridae Carr et al. p. 9s
2017	Tyrannosauridae Yun p. 11

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
—	Osteichthyes	()
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota
—	Sauropsida
class	Reptilia
subclass	Eureptilia	()

Rank	Name	Author
—	Romeriida
—	Diapsida	()
—	Archosauromorpha	(Huene 1946)
—	Crocopoda
—	Archosauriformes	Gauthier 1986
—	Eucrocopoda
—	Archosauria	()
informal	Avemetatarsalia
—	Ornithodira
—	Dinosauromorpha
—	Dinosauriformes
—	Dinosauria	()
—	Theropoda	()
—	Neotheropoda
—	Averostra	Paul 2002
—	Tetanurae
—	Coelurosauria	()
superfamily	Tyrannosauroidea
family	Tyrannosauridae
family	Tyrannosauridae

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Fm. †Tyrannosauridae Osborn 1906 [tyrannosaurid]

show all | hide all

G. †Albertosaurus Osborn 1905 [Alberta lizard]

†Albertosaurus sarcophagus Osborn 1905

Invalid names: Albertosaurus arctunguis Parks 1928 [synonym]

G. †Gorgosaurus Lambe 1914

†Gorgosaurus libratus Lambe 1914

Invalid names: Dryptosaurus kenabekides Hay 1899 [synonym], Gorgosaurus sternbergi Matthew and Brown 1922 [synonym], Laelaps falculus Cope 1876 [synonym], Laelaps hazenianus Hay 1902 [synonym], Laelaps incrassatus Cope 1876 [synonym]

G. †Tarbosaurus Maleev 1955

†Tarbosaurus bataar Maleev 1955

Invalid names: Albertosaurus periculosus Riabinin 1930 [synonym], Gorgosaurus lancinator Maleev 1955 [synonym], Gorgosaurus novojilovi Maleev 1955 [synonym], Shanshanosaurus huoyanshanensis Dong 1977 [synonym], Tarbosaurus efremovi Maleev 1955 [synonym], Tyrannosaurus luanchuanensis Dong 1979 [synonym]

Invalid names: Jenghizkhan Olshevsky 1995 [synonym], Maleevosaurus Carpenter 1992 [synonym], Shanshanosaurus Dong 1977 [synonym]

Subfm. †Tyrannosaurinae Matthew and Brown 1922 [tyrannosaurine]

G. †Alioramus Kurzanov 1976

†Alioramus remotus Kurzanov 1976

Invalid names: Alioramus altai Brusatte 2009 [synonym]

†Alioramus sinensis Lü et al. 2014

Invalid names: Qianzhousaurus Lü et al. 2014 [synonym]

G. †Asiatyrannus Zheng et al. 2024

†Asiatyrannus xui Zheng et al. 2024

Unr. †Daspletosaurini Voris et al. 2020

G. †Daspletosaurus Russell 1970

†Daspletosaurus horneri Carr et al. 2017

†Daspletosaurus torosus Russell 1970

†Daspletosaurus wilsoni Warshaw and Fowler 2022

G. †Thanatotheristes Voris et al. 2020

†Thanatotheristes degrootorum Voris et al. 2020

G. †Dynamoterror McDonald et al. 2018

†Dynamoterror dynastes McDonald et al. 2018

G. †Lythronax Loewen et al. 2013

†Lythronax argestes Loewen et al. 2013

G. †Nanuqsaurus Fiorillo and Tykoski 2014

†Nanuqsaurus hoglundi Fiorillo and Tykoski 2014

G. †Teratophoneus Carr et al. 2011

†Teratophoneus curriei Carr et al. 2011

G. †Tyrannosaurus Osborn 1905 [tyrant lizard]

†Tyrannosaurus mcraeensis Dalman et al. 2024

†Tyrannosaurus rex Osborn 1905 [tyrant lizard king]

Invalid names: Albertosaurus megagracilis Paul 1988 [synonym], Aublysodon molnaris Paul 1988 [synonym], Dynamosaurus imperiosus Osborn 1905 [synonym], Manospondylus gigas Cope 1892 [synonym], Nanotyrannus lancensis Gilmore 1946 [synonym], Tyrannosaurus imperator Paul et al. 2022 [synonym], Tyrannosaurus regina Paul et al. 2022 [synonym]

Invalid names: Dinotyrannus Olshevsky 1995 [synonym], Dynamosaurus Osborn 1905 [synonym], Manospondylus Cope 1892 [synonym], Nanotyrannus Bakker et al. 1988 [synonym], Stygivenator Olshevsky 1995 [synonym], Tyrannosauripus Lessertisseur 1955 [nomen nudum], Tyrannosaurus turpanensis Zhai et al. 1978 [nomen dubium]

G. †Zhuchengtyrannus Hone et al. 2011

†Zhuchengtyrannus magnus Hone et al. 2011

Invalid names: Shanshanosaurinae Olshevsky 1995 [synonym], Tarbosaurini Olshevsky et al. 1995 [empty], Tyrannosaurini Olshevsky et al. 1995 [empty], Tyrannosaurus zhuchengensis Hu et al. 2001 [nomen dubium]

Unr. †Tyrannosauripodidae McCrea et al. 2014

G. †Bellatoripes McCrea et al. 2014

†Bellatoripes fredlundi McCrea et al. 2014

G. †Tyrannosauripus Lockley and Hunt 1994

†Tyrannosauripus pillmorei Lockley and Hunt 1994

G. †Yezosaurus Muramoto and Obata 1977

†Yezosaurus mikasaensis Caldwell et al. 2008

Invalid names: Albertosaurinae Currie et al. 2003 [empty], Aublysodon Leidy 1868 [nomen dubium], Deinodontidae Brown 1914 [synonym], Ornithomimus grandis Marsh 1890 [nomen dubium]

Diagnosis

Reference	Diagnosis
H. F. Osborn 1906	1. Skull abbreviated, with two large antorbital openings, and a third smaller opening between the maxillaries and premaxillaries. Squamosal sending off a horizontal anterior bar. 2. Teeth, thirteen in the maxillaries and twelve to thirteen in the dentaries. A pair of reduced anterior cutting teeth in the dentaries, Teeth very broadly oval in section, transverse exceeding antero- posterior diameters, with serrate edges. 3. Dental alveoli in the maxillaries and dentaries expanded into triangular slipporting plates on the inner side of the jaws. 4. Actual number of presacral vertebrae unknown, probably twenty-three; cervicals probably nine with broad neural spines; sacrals five, with coalesced spines forming a continuous plate. 5. Atlas and axis complex, apparently consisting of six separate elements, namely: atlas hypocentrum, two neurapophyses, and pleurocentrum (odontoid); axis hypocentrum and centrum. 6. Shoulder girdle with greatly reduced scapula and humerus. 7. Complete system of median and paired abdominal ribs resembling those of Hatteria. 8. Pelvic girdle consisting of elongate, compressed ilium, with elongate horizontal plate extending from anterior portion; pubes firmly coalesced in median portion, also at distal peduncle; ischia reduced in contact distally. 9. All known limb bones and longer girdle bones hollow. 10. Hind limbs greatly elongated, with large hollow cavities, femur longer than tibia. Three chief metatarsals partly coalesced, and reduced hallux.
R. S. Lull 1924 (Deinodontidae)	The gigantic carnivores of the Cretaceous have a deeper and more massive skull than do the megalosaurs. These latter show that a certain movement was possible between some of the bones of the skull (front-parietal and jugo-uadrato-jugal). This is absent in the deinodonts. The V-shaped cross section of the anterior teeth, so marked in the deinodonts, is merely a tendency in the megalosaurs, and the fore limbs are relatively much more reduced, with an extremely specialized manus.
F. v. Huene 1948 (Dinodontidae)	Like Allosauridae, but only 2 fingers in manus; mt. IV with reduced proximal end. Senonian.
K. Carpenter 1992	(General) Head large relative to bodu size; neck, trunk and forelimbs are short. (Cranial) Nasals very rugose, often fused along the midline, and constricted between the lacrymals; frontals excluded from the orbits by the lacrymals; jugal pierced by large foramen; premaxillary teeth D-shaped in cross-section, with carinae along the posteromedial and posterolateral margins; vomer with diamond-shaped process between the maxillae; ectopterygoid with large ventral opening; surangular foramen large. (Postcranial) Cervical centra slightly opsithocoelous, anteroposteriorly compressed, and broad; scapula long and slender; humerus with weakly- to moderately-well developed deltopectoral crest; manus reduced to two functional digits (II and III), with digit IV reduced to a splint; pubis with well developed anterior foot; distal end of the ischium not expanded; ascending ramus of astragalus broad and tall.

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

hydroxyapatiteo

Entire body:

yeso

Adult length:

10 to < 100o

Adult width:

1.0 to < 10o

Adult height:

1.0 to < 10o

Maximum body mass:

10000 kgg

Minimum body mass:

100 kgg

Architecture:

compact or denseo

Ontogeny:

accretion, modification of partso

Grouping:

solitaryo

Environment:

terrestrialo

Locomotion:

actively mobileo

Life habit:

ground dwellingo

Diet:

carnivoresubo

Reproduction:

oviparouso

Dispersal:

direct/internalo

Dispersal 2:

mobileo

Created:

2009-01-03 20:39:15

Modified:

2009-01-03 22:39:15

Source: g = genus, subo = suborder, o = order

References: Peczkis 1995, Marsh 1875, Benton 1983

Age range: base of the Barremian to the top of the Late/Upper Maastrichtian or 129.40000 to 66.00000 Ma

Collections (450 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Oldest occurrences
Early/Lower Cretaceous	145.0 - 100.5	China (Hebei)	Dinosauria indet. (48929)
Barremian	129.4 - 125.0	Japan (Ishikawa)	Theropoda indet. B (32324)
Barremian - Aptian	129.4 - 113.0	China (Jianxi)	Tyrannosauripus sp. (224369)
Aptian	125.0 - 113.0	Spain (La Rioja)	Tyrannosauridae indet. (223644)
Aptian	125.0 - 113.0	Thailand (Nakhon Ratchasima)	Tyrannosauridae indet. (99337)
Late/Upper Aptian - Early/Lower Albian	122.46 - 109.0	USA (Texas)	Deinodontidae indet. (14375 14388)
Late/Upper Albian	105.3 - 99.6	USA (Montana)	Tyrannosauridae indet. (137590)
Cenomanian	100.5 - 93.9	Kyrgyzstan (Osh)	Tyrannosauridae indet. (60879)
Cenomanian - Santonian	100.5 - 83.6	Mongolia (Omnogov)	Alectrosaurus olseni (67974) Tyrannosauridae indet. (55254)
Late/Upper Cretaceous	100.5 - 66.0	China (Xinjiang)	Tyrannosauridae indet. (97614 97615)
Youngest occurrences
Time interval	Ma	Country or state	PBDB collection number
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	70.6 - 66.0	USA (New Mexico)	Tyrannosauridae indet. (54100 59068 97795 138833 171027)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	70.6 - 66.0	USA (Colorado)	Theropoda indet. (49527) Tyrannosauridae indet., Tyrannosaurus rex (49539) Tyrannosaurus rex (49535 49538 49547) Tyrannosaurus sp., Theropoda indet. (49523)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	70.6 - 66.0	Canada (Alberta)	Deinodontidae indet. (46090 46091) Laelaps incrassatus (11898) Tyrannosauridae indet. (14569) Tyrannosaurus rex (11917 11918 157188)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	70.6 - 66.0	USA (Texas)	Tyrannosauridae indet. (68009 68010 68011 156122) Tyrannosaurus rex (69210)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	70.6 - 66.0	USA (Montana)	Tyrannosauridae indet. (60169 142326) Tyrannosaurus rex (49005 157187 183109) Tyrannosaurus rex, Gorgosaurus lancensis (14674) Tyrannosaurus sp. (88990 142753 162855 189003)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	70.6 - 66.0	USA (North Dakota)	Tyrannosaurus rex (45098 45099 45102 45109 45111 45112 45114 45118 45128 45136 45144 45145 45299 45381)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	70.6 - 66.0	Russian Federation (Chukot)	Tyrannosauridae indet. (86529)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	70.6 - 66.0	USA (South Dakota)	Nanotyrannus lancensis, Tyrannosaurus rex (224484) Tyrannosauridae indet., Tyrannosaurus rex (47034) Tyrannosaurus rex (45388 45389 45390 157189)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	70.6 - 66.0	Canada (Saskatchewan)	Tyrannosaurus rex (54105) Tyrannosaurus sp. (225845)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	70.6 - 66.0	China (Henan)	Tyrannosaurus luanchuanensis (49800)