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Phocoenidae (porpoise)
Taxonomy
Phocaenina was named by Gray (1825). It is extant.
It was reranked as the family Phocaenidae by Abel (1914), Van Deinse (1931), Slijper (1936), Simpson (1945), Ellerman and Morrisson-Scott (1951), Barnes (1985), de Muizon (1988), Carroll (1988), Benton (1993), McKenna and Bell (1997), Ichishima and Kimura (2000); it was corrected as Phocaenini by Zittel (1925); it was reranked as the family Phocoenidae by Kasuya (1973), Gaskin et al. (1974), Brownell (1975), Brownell (1983), Brownell and Praderi (1984), Muizon (1984), Barnes et al. (1985), Vidal (1991), Nowak (1991), Fordyce and Barnes (1994), Fordyce et al. (1995), Rice (1998), Fordyce and de Muizon (2001), Rice (2002), Geisler and Sanders (2003), Gingerich (2005), Mead and Brownell (2005), Ichishima and Kimura (2005), Bianucci and Landini (2007), Foekens (2008), Agnarsson and May-Collado (2008), Uhen et al. (2008), Rice (2009), Ichishima and Kimura (2009), Canto et al. (2010), Geisler et al. (2011), Murakami et al. (2012), Murakami et al. (2012), Murakami et al. (2015), Tanaka and Ichishima (2016), Marx et al. (2016), Berta (2017), Benites-Palomino et al. (2023).
It was assigned to Delphinidae by Gray (1825), Gray (1864), Gray (1868), Gray (1871), Zittel (1925); to Delphinoceti by Abel (1914), Van Deinse (1931); to Odontoceti by Slijper (1936); to Cetacea by Nowak (1991); to Odontoceti by Ellerman and Morrisson-Scott (1951), Carroll (1988), Benton (1993), Rice (1998), Geisler and Sanders (2003), Mead and Brownell (2005); to Monodontoidae by Geisler et al. (2011), Berta (2017); and to Delphinoidea by Simpson (1945), Kasuya (1973), Gaskin et al. (1974), Brownell (1975), Brownell (1983), Brownell and Praderi (1984), Muizon (1984), Barnes et al. (1985), Barnes (1985), de Muizon (1988), Vidal (1991), Fordyce and Barnes (1994), Fordyce et al. (1995), McKenna and Bell (1997), Ichishima and Kimura (2000), Fordyce and de Muizon (2001), Rice (2002), Gingerich (2005), Ichishima and Kimura (2005), Bianucci and Landini (2007), Foekens (2008), Agnarsson and May-Collado (2008), Uhen et al. (2008), Rice (2009), Ichishima and Kimura (2009), Canto et al. (2010), Murakami et al. (2012), Murakami et al. (2012), Murakami et al. (2015), Tanaka and Ichishima (2016), Marx et al. (2016), Benites-Palomino et al. (2023).
It was reranked as the family Phocaenidae by Abel (1914), Van Deinse (1931), Slijper (1936), Simpson (1945), Ellerman and Morrisson-Scott (1951), Barnes (1985), de Muizon (1988), Carroll (1988), Benton (1993), McKenna and Bell (1997), Ichishima and Kimura (2000); it was corrected as Phocaenini by Zittel (1925); it was reranked as the family Phocoenidae by Kasuya (1973), Gaskin et al. (1974), Brownell (1975), Brownell (1983), Brownell and Praderi (1984), Muizon (1984), Barnes et al. (1985), Vidal (1991), Nowak (1991), Fordyce and Barnes (1994), Fordyce et al. (1995), Rice (1998), Fordyce and de Muizon (2001), Rice (2002), Geisler and Sanders (2003), Gingerich (2005), Mead and Brownell (2005), Ichishima and Kimura (2005), Bianucci and Landini (2007), Foekens (2008), Agnarsson and May-Collado (2008), Uhen et al. (2008), Rice (2009), Ichishima and Kimura (2009), Canto et al. (2010), Geisler et al. (2011), Murakami et al. (2012), Murakami et al. (2012), Murakami et al. (2015), Tanaka and Ichishima (2016), Marx et al. (2016), Berta (2017), Benites-Palomino et al. (2023).
It was assigned to Delphinidae by Gray (1825), Gray (1864), Gray (1868), Gray (1871), Zittel (1925); to Delphinoceti by Abel (1914), Van Deinse (1931); to Odontoceti by Slijper (1936); to Cetacea by Nowak (1991); to Odontoceti by Ellerman and Morrisson-Scott (1951), Carroll (1988), Benton (1993), Rice (1998), Geisler and Sanders (2003), Mead and Brownell (2005); to Monodontoidae by Geisler et al. (2011), Berta (2017); and to Delphinoidea by Simpson (1945), Kasuya (1973), Gaskin et al. (1974), Brownell (1975), Brownell (1983), Brownell and Praderi (1984), Muizon (1984), Barnes et al. (1985), Barnes (1985), de Muizon (1988), Vidal (1991), Fordyce and Barnes (1994), Fordyce et al. (1995), McKenna and Bell (1997), Ichishima and Kimura (2000), Fordyce and de Muizon (2001), Rice (2002), Gingerich (2005), Ichishima and Kimura (2005), Bianucci and Landini (2007), Foekens (2008), Agnarsson and May-Collado (2008), Uhen et al. (2008), Rice (2009), Ichishima and Kimura (2009), Canto et al. (2010), Murakami et al. (2012), Murakami et al. (2012), Murakami et al. (2015), Tanaka and Ichishima (2016), Marx et al. (2016), Benites-Palomino et al. (2023).
Subtaxa
Archaeophocaena, Australithax, Brabocetus, Haborophocoena, Lomacetus, Loxolithax, Miophocaena, Neophocaena (syn. Meomeris, Neomeris), Numataphocoena, Phocoena (syn. Acanthodelphis, Australophocoena), Phocoeninae, Phocoenoides, Phocoenoidinae, Piscolithax, Pterophocaena, Salumiphocaena, Semirostrum, Septemtriocetus
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1825 | Phocaenina Gray p. 340 |
| 1864 | Phocaenina Gray p. 244 |
| 1868 | Phocaenina Gray p. 8 |
| 1871 | Phocaenina Gray p. 81 |
| 1914 | Phocaenidae Abel p. 221 |
| 1925 | Phocaenini Zittel p. 87 |
| 1931 | Phocaenidae Van Deinse p. 33 |
| 1936 | Phocaenidae Slijper p. 556 |
| 1945 | Phocaenidae Simpson p. 104 |
| 1951 | Phocaenidae Ellerman and Morrisson-Scott p. 728 |
| 1973 | Phocoenidae Kasuya p. 61 |
| 1974 | Phocoenidae Gaskin et al. p. 1 |
| 1975 | Phocoenidae Brownell p. 1 |
| 1983 | Phocoenidae Brownell |
| 1984 | Phocoenidae Brownell and Praderi p. 1 |
| 1984 | Phocoenidae Muizon p. 79 |
| 1985 | Phocaenidae Barnes p. 161 |
| 1985 | Phocoenidae Barnes et al. p. 25 |
| 1988 | Phocaenidae Carroll |
| 1988 | Phocaenidae de Muizon p. 189 |
| 1991 | Phocoenidae Nowak |
| 1991 | Phocoenidae Vidal p. 5 |
| 1993 | Phocaenidae Benton p. 762 |
| 1994 | Phocoenidae Fordyce and Barnes p. 429 figs. Table 1 |
| 1995 | Phocoenidae Fordyce et al. p. 340 |
| 1997 | Phocaenidae McKenna and Bell p. 390 |
| 1998 | Phocoenidae Rice p. 121 |
| 2000 | Phocaenidae Ichishima and Kimura p. 561 |
| 2001 | Phocoenidae Fordyce and de Muizon p. 179 |
| 2002 | Phocoenidae Rice p. 231 figs. Table 1 |
| 2003 | Phocoenidae Geisler and Sanders p. 28 |
| 2005 | Phocoenidae Gingerich p. 237 figs. Table 15.1 |
| 2005 | Phocoenidae Ichishima and Kimura p. 655 |
| 2005 | Phocoenidae Mead and Brownell p. 735 |
| 2007 | Phocoenidae Bianucci and Landini p. 45 figs. Table 2.1 |
| 2008 | Phocoenidae Agnarsson and May-Collado p. 981 figs. Fig. 4.3 |
| 2008 | Phocoenidae Foekens p. 7 figs. Table 1 |
| 2008 | Phocoenidae Uhen et al. p. 591 |
| 2009 | Phocoenidae Ichishima and Kimura p. 857 |
| 2009 | Phocoenidae Rice p. 235 figs. Table 1 |
| 2010 | Phocoenidae Canto et al. p. 20 |
| 2011 | Phocoenidae Geisler et al. p. 29 figs. Figure 5 |
| 2012 | Phocoenidae Murakami et al. p. 1158 figs. Figure 8 |
| 2015 | Phocoenidae Murakami et al. p. 99 |
| 2016 | Phocoenidae Marx et al. p. 137 |
| 2016 | Phocoenidae Tanaka and Ichishima p. 2 |
| 2017 | Phocoenidae Berta p. 164 |
| 2023 | Phocoenidae Benites-Palomino et al. p. 3 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Fm. Phocoenidae Gray 1825 [porpoise]
show all | hide all
G. †Haborophocoena Ichishima and Kimura 2005
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†Haborophocoena minutus Ichishima and Kimura 2009
†Haborophocoena toyoshimai Ichishima and Kimura 2005
G. Neophocaena Palmer 1899
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Neophocaena asiaeorientalis Pilleri and Gihr 1972
Neophocaena phocaenoides Cuvier 1829 [finless porpoise]
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Neophocaena phocaenoides phocaenoides Cuvier 1829
Invalid names: Delphinapterus molagan Owen 1866 [synonym], Delphinus melas Temminck 1841 [synonym], Neomeris kurrachiensis Murray 1884 [synonym]
Neophocaena sunameri Piller and Gihr 1975
Invalid names: Meomeris Gray 1847 [synonym], Neomeris Gray 1846 [synonym]
G. Phocoena Cuvier 1816
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Phocoena dioptrica Lahille 1912 [spectacled porpoise]
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Invalid names: Phocaena stornii Marelli 1922 [synonym]
Phocoena phocoena Linnaeus 1758 [harbor porpoise]
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Delphinus phocaena albus Kerr 1792
Invalid names: Delphinus ventricosus Lacépède 1804 [synonym], Phocaena americana Allen 1869 [synonym], Phocaena brachycium Cope 1865 [synonym], Phocaena communis Cuvier 1817 [synonym], Phocaena fuscus Kerr 1792 [synonym], Phocaena lineata Cope 1876 [synonym], Phocaena relicta Abel 1905 [synonym], Phocaena tuberculifera Gray 1865 [synonym], Phocaena vomerina Gill 1865 [synonym], Phocoena rondeletii Giglioli 1879 [synonym]
Phocoena sinus Norris and McFarland 1958 [Gulf of California Harbor Porpoise]
Invalid names: Acanthodelphis Gray 1866 [synonym], Australophocoena Barnes 1985 [synonym]
Subfm. Phocoeninae Gray 1825
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Invalid names: Colobodontes Brandt 1874 [empty], Leucodelphini Brandt 1873 [empty]
G. Phocoenoides Andrews 1911
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Phocoenoides dalli True 1885 [Dall's porpoise]
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Invalid names: Phocoenoides truei Andrews 1911 [synonym]
G. †Piscolithax Muizon 1983
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†Piscolithax boreios Barnes 1984
†Piscolithax longirostris Muizon 1983
†Piscolithax tedfordi Barnes 1984
Invalid names: Phocoenoidinae Barnes 1984 [empty]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: f = family, subo = suborder, o = order | |||||
| References: Uhen 2004, Nowak 1991 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Langhian to the top of the Holocene or 15.97000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 13.82 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 13.82 Ma
Collections (88 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Langhian | USA (California) | Loxolithax sinuosa (13297) | |
| Langhian | Poland | Phocoena sp. (13063) | |
| Langhian - Serravallian | USA (California) | Phocoenidae indet. (121152) | |
| Tortonian | Peru (Arequipa) | Piscolithax sp., Phocoenidae indet., Lomacetus ginsburgi (45485) | |
| Tortonian | Japan (Hokkaido) | Phocoenidae indet., Pterophocaena nishinoi (133430) | |
| Tortonian | USA (California) | Loxolithax stocktoni (46066) Piscolithax sp. (13300) | |
| Tortonian | Peru | Lomacetus sp. (183918) Phocoenidae indet. (239712) Phocoenidae indet., Australithax intermedia (45486) | |
| Tortonian | Chile (Atacama) | Phocoenidae indet. (80365) | |
| Tortonian - Messinian | Peru | Phocoenidae indet., Piscolithax longirostris (46083) | |
| Tortonian - Messinian | New Zealand | Phocoenidae indet. (87865) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Japan (Hokkaido) | Phocaenidae indet. (75487) | |
| Hemphillian | USA (California) | Loxolithax stocktoni (19342) | |
| Messinian | Peru (Caraveli) | Piscolithax sp., Phocoenidae indet. (46084) | |
| Messinian | Chile (Atacama) | Phocoenidae indet. (55535) | |
| Messinian | Mexico (Baja California) | Piscolithax boreios, Piscolithax tedfordi, Delphinoidea indet. (45458) | |
| Messinian | Japan (Hokkaido) | Archaeophocaena teshioensis, Miophocaena nishinoi (133431) | |
| Messinian | Peru | Phocoenidae indet., Piscolithax longirostris (13079) | |
| Messinian | USA (California) | Phocoenidae indet. (117470) Phocoenidae indet. 2 (184950) | |
| Messinian - Zanclean | USA (California) | Phocoenidae indet. (55448) Semirostrum sp. (77499) | |
| Zanclean | South Africa | Australithax sp., Phocoenidae indet. (100313) | |
| Zanclean | Belgium | Brabocetus gigaseorum (167733) | |
| Zanclean | Netherlands (Noord-Brabant) | Phocaena phocaena (89447) | |
| Zanclean | USA (California) | Phocoena sp. (117471) Phocoenidae indet. (50068) Semirostrum ceruttii (154908) | |
| Zanclean | Japan (Hokkaido) | Haborophocoena toyoshimai, Haborophocoena minutus (105557) Numataphocoena yamashitai (45803 125179) | |
| Zanclean | Japan | Haborophocoena toyoshimai (55356) Phocaenidae indet. (55643) | |
| Pliocene | Mexico (Baja California Sur) | Phocoeninae indet. (57779) | |
| Pliocene | Azerbaijan | Phocaena phocaena (108338) | |
| Zanclean - Piacenzian | Netherlands (Noord-Brabant) | Phocoenidae indet. (59003) | |
| Piacenzian | Belgium | Septemriocetus bosselaersi (84232) | |
| Piacenzian | USA (California) | Phocaenidae indet. (52218) Phocoenidae indet. (19703 117472) Phocoenidae indet. 2 (184967) Semirostrum ceruttii (154906 154907) | |
| Gelasian | Japan (Hokkaido) | Phocoenoidinae indet. (75488) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | United Kingdom (England) | Phocoena communis (58421) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Japan | Neophocaena phocaenoides (75739) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Canada (Quebec) | Phocoena phocoena (51018) | |
| Holocene | USA (Alaska) | Phocaena dalli (86902) Phocoena phocoena, Phocoena dalli (161613 175943) Phocoena sp. (175944 175945 175946 175947) | |
| Holocene | Greenland (Qeqertasussuk) | Phocoena phocoena (187755) | |
| Holocene | South Africa | Delphinus phocaenoides (86897) | |
| Holocene | Morocco | Phocoena phocoena (168241) | |
| Holocene | Antarctica | Phocoena dioptrica (168248) | |
| Holocene | Norway | Phocoena phoecena (170319) | |
| Holocene | Ukraine | Phocoena phocoena (235085) | |
| Holocene | United Kingdom (Scotland) | Phocoena phocoena (238438) | |
| Holocene | Australia (Tasmania) | Phocoena dioptrica (168245) | |
| Holocene | South Korea | Neophocaena asiaeorientalis (230223) | |
| Holocene | Ukraine (Crimea) | Phocoena phocoena (235084) | |
| Holocene | Netherlands | Phocoena phocoena (55533) | |
| Holocene | United Kingdom (England) | Phocoena phocoena (238915 238918 238948) | |
| Holocene | Chile | Phocoena dioptrica (168247) | |
| Holocene | Taiwan | Neophocaena phocaenoides (168240) | |
| Holocene | Argentina | Phocoena dioptrica (168246) | |
| Holocene | Uruguay | Phocaena dioptrica, Phocaena spinipinnis (86873) | |
| Holocene | USA (South Carolina) | Phocoena phocoena (168242) | |
| Holocene | India | Neophocaena phocaenoides (168238) | |
| Holocene | Japan (Hokkaido) | Phocoena phocoena, Phocoenoides dalli (239737 239739) Phocoenoides dalli (239738) | |
| Holocene | USA (California) | Phocoena phocoena (168243) Phocoenoides dalli (168250) | |
| Holocene | Oman | Neophocaena phocaenoides (168237) | |
| Holocene | Turkey | Phocoena phocoena (235083) | |
| Holocene | Indonesia | Neophocaena phocaenoides (168239) | |
| Holocene | Japan | Phocoena phocoena (168244) Phocoena phocoena, Phocoenoides dalli (82088) Phocoenoides dalli (168249) | |
| Holocene | Mexico (Baja California) | Phocoena sinus (86901) |