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Spinosaurus aegyptiacus

Reptilia - Spinosauridae

Taxonomy
Spinosaurus aegyptiacus was named by Stromer (1915). Its type specimen is BSP 1915, a partial skeleton, and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Gebel el Dist (7p), which is in a Cenomanian marginal marine sandstone/sandstone in the Baharîje Formation of Egypt.

Synonyms
Synonymy list
YearName and author
1915Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Stromer p. 28
1923Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Huene p. 457 fig. 3
1926Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Huene p. 89
1927Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Huene p. 266
1928Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Depéret and Savornin p. 264
1934Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Stromer p. 8
1936Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Stromer p. 64
1939Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Kuhn p. 77
1957Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Lapparent p. 109
1963Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Furon p. 154
1964Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Tatarinov p. 538
1967Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Charig p. 714
1968Spinosaurus aegypticus Maleev p. 95
1970Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Steel p. 38
1970Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Swinton p. 143
1974Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Langston p. 84
1974Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Molnar p. 1014
1980Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Molnar and Pledge p. 285 fig. 3
1984Spinosaurus aegypticus Taquet p. 81
1984Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Taquet p. 217
1986Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Bonaparte p. 74
1986Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Chabli p. 71
1988Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Bouaziz et al. pp. 336-338
1988Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Paul p. 273
1989Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Buffetaut p. 81
1990Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Buffetaut et al. p. 192
1990Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Molnar et al. p. 192
1991Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Molnar p. 166
1992Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Buffetaut
1996Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Kellner p. 614
1996Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Kellner and Campos p. 155
1996Spinosaurus marrocanus Russell p. 355
1996Sigilmassasaurus brevicollis Russell pp. 361-362
1997Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Le Loeuff p. 454
1997Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Milner p. 699
1997Spinosaurus marrocanus Milner p. 699
1997Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Novas p. 685
1997Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Vickaryous and Ryan p. 488
1998Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Sereno et al. p. 1302
1998Spinosaurus marrocanus Taquet and Russell p. 348
2002Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Buffetaut and Ouaja p. 418
2002Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Sues et al. p. 543
2003Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Rauhut p. 34
2004Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Holtz, Jr. et al. p. 73
2004Spinosaurus marrocanus Holtz, Jr. et al. p. 73
2004Sigilmassasaurus brevicollis Holtz, Jr. et al. p. 74
2005Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Dal Sasso et al. p. 888
2005Sigilmassasaurus brevicolis Novas et al. p. 169
2005Sigilmassasaurus brevicollis Novas et al. p. 229
2006Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Candeiro et al. p. 936
2006Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Medeiros p. 335
2007Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Buffetaut
2007Sigilmassasaurus brevicollis Medeiros et al. p. 418
2007Spinosaurus marrocanus Regagba et al. p. 149
2007Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Sánchez-Hernández et al. p. 190
2009Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Lü et al. p. 50
2010Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Buffetaut p. 175
2010Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Cavin et al. p. 399
2010Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Hasegawa et al. p. 12
2010Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Lü et al. p. 386
2010Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Taquet p. 96
2011Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Gianechini et al. p. 14
2011Sigilmassasaurus brevicollis Hone et al. p. 502
2011Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Hone et al. p. 502
2011Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Kellner et al. p. 101
2011Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Mateus et al. p. 54
2011Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Vila et al. p. 157
2011Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Wongko et al. p. 62
2012Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Carrano et al. p. 243
2012Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Le Loeuff et al. p. 489
2012Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Richter et al.
2013Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Bertozzo et al. p. 120
2013Sigilmassasaurus brevicollis McFeeters et al. p. 636
2013Sigilmassasaurus brevicollis Novas et al. p. 186
2013Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Richter et al. p. 302
2014Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Fanti et al. p. 40
2014Spinosaurus maroccanus Fanti et al. p. 40
2014Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Ibrahim et al. p. S9
2015Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Benyoucef et al. p. 52
2015Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Evers et al. p. 2
2015Sigilmassasaurus brevicollis Evers et al. p. 8–9
2016Sigilmassasaurus brevicollis Chiarenza and Cau p. 10
2016Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Chiarenza and Cau p. 10
2016Spinosaurus maroccanus Hendrickx et al. p. 2
2016Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Hendrickx et al. p. 12
2016Sigilmassasaurus brevicollis Hendrickx et al. p. 15
2016Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Serrano-Martínez et al. p. 403
2017Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Ezcurra and Agnolin p. 485
2018Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Aureliano et al. p. 283
2018Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Gasca et al. p. 141
2018Sigilmassasaurus brevicollis Hassler et al. p. 2
2018Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Hassler et al. p. 2
2019Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Arden et al. p. 275
2019Sigilmassasaurus brevicollis Arden et al. p. 276
2019Sigilmassasaurus brevicollis Lakin and Longrich p. 129
2019Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Lakin and Longrich p. 130
2020Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Ibrahim et al. p. 9
2020Sigilmassasaurus brevicollis Malafaia et al. p. 432
2020Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Malafaia et al. p. 432
2020Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Smyth et al. p. 3
2021Spinosaurus aegyptiacus McFeeters p. 182
2021Spinosaurus aegyptiacus de França et al. p. 1817
2022Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Mateus and Estraviz-López p. 2
2022Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Salem et al. p. 2
2022Sigilmassasaurus brevicollis Salem et al. p. 9
2023Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Isasmendi et al. p. 909

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
—Osteichthyes()
subclassSarcopterygii()
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha(Nelson 2006)
subclassTetrapodomorpha()
—Tetrapoda
—Reptiliomorpha
—Anthracosauria
subclassAmphibiosauriaKuhn 1967
—Cotylosauria()
—Amniota
—Sauropsida
classReptilia
subclassEureptilia()
—Romeriida
RankNameAuthor
—Diapsida()
—Archosauromorpha(Huene 1946)
—Crocopoda
—ArchosauriformesGauthier 1986
—Eucrocopoda
—Archosauria()
informalAvemetatarsalia
—Ornithodira
—Dinosauromorpha
—Dinosauriformes
—Dinosauria()
—Theropoda()
—Neotheropoda
—AverostraPaul 2002
—Tetanurae
superfamilyMegalosauroidea()
familySpinosauridae
subfamilySpinosaurinae
genusSpinosaurus
speciesaegyptiacus

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

†Spinosaurus aegyptiacus Stromer 1915
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Invalid names: Sigilmassasaurus brevicollis Russell 1996 [synonym], Spinosaurus marrocanus Russell 1996 [synonym]
Diagnosis
ReferenceDiagnosis
D. A. Russell 1996 (Sigilmassasaurus brevicollis)As for genus; for species-level characters see under "Description" and "Discussion", Sigilmassasaurus sp., below.
M. T. Carrano et al. 2012Spinosaurid with: (1) no midline crest on conjoined premaxillae (Dal Sasso et al. 2005); (2) premaxilla entirely excluded from borders of external naris (Dal Sasso et al. 2005); and (3) extremely elongate dorsal neural spines (Stromer 1915).
B. McFeeters et al. 2013 (Sigilmassasaurus brevicollis)Articular surfaces of cervical centra much wider than high, with width/height ratio approximately 1.5 (versus 1.0–1.25 in most theropods; Russell 1996); interzygapophyseal laminae absent, so that the short neural spine contacts the dorsal margin of the neural canal anteriorly and posteriorly.
N. Ibrahim et al. 2014Spinosaurid with adult body length ~15 m characterized by the
following cranial features: external naris and narial fossa small and retracted near the orbit on the side of the posterior snout; premaxilla excluded from the border of the external naris. Distinguishing postcranial features include strongly constricted hourglass-shaped and elongated dorsal centra; dorsal neural spine height up to ten times greater than centrum height; greatest anteroposterior dorsal neural spine width below spine apex; dorsal neural spines composed of dense bone with a narrow central zone of cancellous bone; proximal one-third of dorsal neural spines textured externally by vertical striae; long bones lack open medullary cavity; length of ilium larger than dorsoventral length of femur; femur strongly bowed anteriorly with fourth trochanter hypertrophied, extending along ~25% of the femoral shaft; pedal digit I long, digit I-1 phalanx longest nonungual phalanx in the pes; pedal unguals broader than deep with length almost four times proximal depth; pedal unguals with flat ventral surface.
S. W. Evers et al. 2015 (Sigilmassasaurus brevicollis)Very large spinosaurid theropod dinosaur. The taxon can be diagnosed on the basis of the following autapomorphies: mid-cervical vertebrae with offset, transversely convex, strongly rugose triangular platform at the posterior end
of the ventral side that is confluent with a ventral keel anteriorly; anteriorly broad centroprezygapophyseal lamina with no or strongly reduced centroprezygapophyseal fossa already in anterior mid-cervical vertebrae; reduced neural arch lamination with
no or incomplete distinction between anterior and posterior centrodiapophyseal laminae in posterior cervicals and first dorsal; small elongate fossa on either side of
the base of the neural spine in last cervical and first dorsal vertebrae. Furthermore, Sigilmassasaurus brevicollis differs from most other theropods in the combination of the following characters: anterior articular surface of posterior cervical and anterior dorsal vertebrae more than 1.5 times wider than high and wider than length of centrum (also in Ichthyovenator); well-developed anterior tubercle present on the anterior articular surface in posterior cervical and anterior dorsal vertebrae; interzygapophyseal laminae absent in posterior cervicals and anteriormost dorsals, resulting in ventrally open spinopre- and spinopostzygapophyseal fossae (also in Ichthyovenator); posterior cervical and anterior dorsal vertebrae with massive transverse processes with deeply penetrating pneumatic openings at the base anteriorly and posteriorly (also in D1 in Ichthyovenator); epipophyses weakly developed in mid-cervicals and absent in posterior cervicals; posterior cervical and anteriormost dorsal vertebrae with anteroposteriorly short, posteriorly inclined, low and spike-like neural spines (modified from Russell, 1996; McFeeters, 2011; Evers, 2012; McFeeters et al., 2013).
R. S. H. Smyth et al. 2020From Ibrahim et al. (2014), except where otherwise noted. Spinosaurid with adult body length ~15 m characterized by the following cranial features: external naris and narial fossa small and retracted near the orbit on the side of the posterior snout; premaxilla excluded from the border of the external naris.
Distinguishing postcranial axial features include mid-cervical vertebrae with offset, transversely convex, strongly rugose triangular platform at the posterior end of the ventral side that is confluent with a ventral keel anteriorly (autapomorphic); reduced neural arch lamination with no or incomplete distinction between anterior and posterior centrodiapophyseal laminae in posterior cervicals and first dorsal; small elongate fossa on either side of the base of the neural spine in last cervical and first dorsal vertebrae (after Evers et al., 2015).
Strongly constricted hourglass-shaped and elongated dorsal centra; dorsal neural spine height up to ten times greater than centrum height (autapomorphic); greatest anteroposterior dorsal neural spine width below spine apex; dorsal neural spines composed of dense bone with a thin central zone of cancellous bone (autapomorphic); proximal one-third of dorsal neural spines textured externally by vertical striae.
Amphicoelous caudal vertebrae; centra possess a longitudinal groove on the ventral surface; neural spine height over seven times greater than centrum height in distal vertebrae; base of mid-distal neural spines flattened proximodistally (autapomorphic); spinodiapophyseal laminae of caudal vertebrae are the most developed laminae (autapomorphic); mid-distal caudal vertebrae with reduced zygapophyses; mid-distal chevrons similar to proximal ones in size and shape (chevrons do not shorten, maintain a slight curve to the rear, and are not increasingly hooklike), (after Ibrahim et al., 2020b).
Appendicular autapomorphic features include: long bones lack conspicuous medullary cavity; length of ilium larger than dorsoventral length of femur; femur strongly bowed anteriorly with fourth trochanter hypertrophied, extending along ~25% of the femoral shaft; pedal digit I long, digit I-1st phalanx longest non-ungual phalanx in the pes; pedal unguals broader than deep with length almost four times proximal depth; pedal unguals with flat ventral surface.
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: hydroxyapatiteo
Entire body: yesg
Adult length: 10 to < 100o
Adult width: 1.0 to < 10o
Adult height: 1.0 to < 10o
Architecture: compact or denseo
Ontogeny: accretion, modification of partso
Grouping: solitaryo
Environment: terrestrialo
Locomotion: actively mobileo
Life habit: ground dwellingo
Diet: carnivoreo
Reproduction: oviparouso
Dispersal: direct/internalo
Dispersal 2: mobileo
Created: 2005-08-24 13:15:17
Modified: 2005-08-24 15:15:17
Source: g = genus, o = order
References: Marsh 1875, Peczkis 1995

Age range: base of the Early/Lower Albian to the top of the Cenomanian or 112.03000 to 93.90000 Ma

Collections (20 total)


Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Late/Upper Aptian - Early/Lower Albian122.46 - 109.0Tunisia (Médenine) Spinosauridae indet. (67203)
Early/Lower Albian - Late/Upper Cenomanian112.03 - 93.5Algeria (Illizi) Spinosaurus aegyptiacus (25191)
Late/Upper Albian - Early/Lower Cenomanian105.3 - 93.5Algeria (Adrar) Spinosaurus marrocanus (59578)
Late/Upper Albian - Early/Lower Cenomanian105.3 - 93.5Morocco (Drâa-Tafilalet) Spinosaurus aegyptiacus (205828) Spinosaurus aegyptiacus, Sigilmassasaurus brevicollis (229406) Spinosaurus marrocanus, Sigilmassasaurus brevicollis, Sigilmassasaurus sp. (52887)
Cenomanian100.5 - 93.9Algeria (Béchar) Spinosaurus aegyptiacus (224512 224513)
Early/Lower Cenomanian99.6 - 93.5Egypt (Matruh) Spinosaurus aegyptiacus (type locality: 25127 49330) Spinosaurus sp. B (51748)
Early/Lower Cenomanian99.6 - 93.5Egypt (Al Jizah) Spinosaurus B (51751)
Early/Lower Cenomanian99.6 - 93.5Morocco (Drâa-Tafilalet) Spinosaurus aegyptiacus (58519 60002) Spinosaurus aegyptiacus, Sigilmassasaurus brevicollis (25325 123828) Spinosaurus sp. (144705 155212 163916 163918)