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Arecaceae (palm)

Angiospermae - Arecaceae

Taxonomy
Arecaceae was named by von Berchtold and Presl (1820). It is extant. It was considered monophyletic by Jud (2011).

It was assigned to Arecales by Knowlton (1919), Estrada-Ruiz and Cevallos-Ferriz (2009), Jud (2011) and The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016); and to Monocots by Vallati et al. (2020), Vera et al. (2022) and Perez Loinaze et al. (2023).

Subtaxa
Amesoneuron, Anomophyllites, Archontophoenix, Areca, Arecipites, Arecoideae, Astrocaryum, Attaleinites, Bactrites, Borassus, Burtinia, Calamopsis, Calamus, Caryota, Caryotispermum, Chamaedorea, Cocites, Cocoopsis, Cocos, Cocosocarpon, Corypheae, Coryphoideae, Echidiporites, Eolirion, Erythea, Eugeissona, Flabellaria, Friedemannia, Geonoma, Geonomites (syn. Geonomites), Grimsdalea, Hemiphoenicites, Hyphaene, Hyphaeneocarpon, Iriartea, Iriartites, Juranyia, Krempocarpon, Latanites, Latericutis, Lepidocaryinae, Longapertites, Luminidites, Manicaria, Mauritiidites, Neozamia, Nipadites, Nypa, Nypoideae (syn. Nypaceae), Oraniopsis, Oreodoxites (syn. Oreodoxites), Palaeospadix, Palaeothrinax, Palmacites (syn. Exflabellaria), Palmaepites, Palmaepollenites, Palmanthium, Palmites, Palmocarpon (syn. Palmocarpon), Palmocaulon, Palmophyllum, Palmostroboxylon, Palmostrobus, Palmoxylon, Paloreodoxites, Parapalmocaulon, Perfossus, Perrandoa, Phoenicites, Phoenix, Racemonocolpites, Rhapis, Rhizopalmoxylon, Rhizopalmoxylon, Sabal, Sabalocaulon, Sabalophyllum, Sanmiguelia, Serenopsis, Spinizonocolpites, Spinopalmoxylon, Spinophyllum, Tricoccites, Tripylocarpa, Versipalmicutis, Victorisporis

Synonyms
Synonymy list
YearName and author
1820Arecaceae von Berchtold and Presl
1880Palmae Ettinghausen p. 393
1880Palmites Hector
1919Arecaceae Knowlton
1941Palmae MacGinitie
1950Palmostrobus Mahabale
1961Palmae Chandler p. 123
1962Palmae Chandler p. 158
1963Palmae Chandler p. 70
1964Palmae Chandler p. 129
1974Krempocarpon Chitaley and Kate
1977Palmae Hickey
1978Palmae Chandler p. 15
1985Cocosocarpon Sheikh and Kolhe
2000Palmae Mabberley
2009Arecaceae Estrada-Ruiz and Cevallos-Ferriz p. 579
2011Arecaceae Jud
2016Arecaceae The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group p. 15
2020Arecaceae Vallati et al.
2022Arecaceae Vera et al.
2023Arecaceae Perez Loinaze et al.

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomPlantae
phylumSpermatophyta
classAngiospermae
—Mesangiosperms
RankNameAuthor
—Monocots
familyArecaceaevon Berchtold and Presl 1820
familyArecaceaevon Berchtold and Presl 1820

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Fm. Arecaceae von Berchtold and Presl 1820 [palm]
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G. †Amesoneuron Göppert 1852
+
†Amesoneuron noeggerathiae Goeppert 1852
†Amesoneuron siwalicus Prasad 2006
G. Archontophoenix Wendland and Drude 1875
G. Areca Linnaeus 1753
+
Invalid names: Areca intertrappea Paradkar and Senad 1981 [nomen nudum]
G. †Arecipites Nichols et al. 1973
+
†Arecipites asymmetricus Fredriksen 1983
†Arecipites bellus Sah and Kar 1970
†Arecipites botrus De Benedetti et al. 2023
†Arecipites minutiscabratus Mc Intyre 1968
†Arecipites punctatus Wodehouse 1958
†Arecipites regio Jaramillo and Dilcher 2001
+
Invalid names: Retimonocolpites regio Van der Hammen and Garcia de Mutis 1966 [synonym]
†Arecipites rugosus Wodehouse 1958
†Arecipites subverrucatus Mildenhall and Pocknall 1989
†Arecipites waitakiensis Mildenhall and Pocknall 1989
G. Borassus Linnaeus 1753 [palmyra palm]
G. †Calamopsis Heer 1859
+
†Calamopsis bredana Heer 1859
G. Caryota Linnaeus 1753 [fishtail palm]
+
†Caryota siwalica Awasthi and Prasad 1990
G. Chamaedorea Willdenow 1806
+
†Chamaedorea danae Brown 1962
†Chamaedorea danai Lesquereux 1866
G. Cocos Linnaeus 1753 [coconut]
+
†Cocos intertrappeansis Patil and Upadhye 1984
Cocos nucifera Linnaeus 1753
†Cocos sahnii Kaul 1951
Unr. Coryphoideae Burnett [fan palm]
+
G. Chamaerops Linnaeus
G. Copernicia Mart
G. †Coryphoides Koch 1972
+
†Coryphoides poulseni Koch 1972
G. Livistona Brown 1810
+
†Livistona wadiai Lakhanpal and Guleria 1983
G. †Sabalites Saporta 1865
+
†Sabalites californicus Lesquereux 1878
†Sabalites campbelli Newberry 1863
†Sabalites carolinensis Berry 1914
†Sabalites fructifer Lesquereux 1873
†Sabalites magothiensis Berry 1905
†Sabalites microphylla Sahni 1964
†Sabalites oxyrhachis Saporta 1865
†Sabalites powellii Read and Hickey 1972
†Sabalites suessionensis Fritel 1910
†Sabalites tibetensis Su and Zhou 2019
G. Serenoa Hooker 1883
+
Serenoa serrulata Michaux 1803
G. Trachycarpus Wendland 1861
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†Trachycarpus ladakhensis Lakhanpal and Guleria 1984
G. †Tuzsonia Andreanszky 1949
+
†Tuzsonia hungarica Andreanszky 1949
G. †Echidiporites Muller et al. 1987
+
†Echidiporites barbeitoensis Muller et al. 1987
G. Erythea Watson 1880
+
†Erythea californica Axelrod 1939
G. Eugeissona Griffith 1845 [bertam]
G. †Flabellaria Sternberg 1821
+
†Flabellaria florissanti Lesquereux 1883
†Flabellaria latania Rossmässler 1840
†Flabellaria minima Lesquereux 1883
†Flabellaria raphifolia Sternberg 1821
G. †Friedemannia Collinson et al. 2012
+
†Friedemannia messelensis Collinson et al. 2012
G. Geonoma Willdenow 1805
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†Geonoma gigantea Knowlton 1918
G. †Geonomites Visiani 1864
+
†Geonomites goldianus Lesquereux 1874
†Geonomites graminifolius Lesquereux 1888
†Geonomites saturnia Visiani 1864
†Geonomites schimperi Lesquereux 1878
†Geonomites tenuirachis Lesquereux 1878
Invalid names: Geonomites Lesquereux 1878 [objective synonym]
G. †Grimsdalea Germeraad et al. 1968
+
†Grimsdalea magnaclavata Germeraad et al. 1968
G. †Hyphaeneocarpon Bande et al. 1982
+
†Hyphaeneocarpon indicum Bande et al. 1982
G. Iriartea López and Jiménez 1794
G. †Iriartites Berry 1919
+
†Iriartites restinensis Berry 1929
†Iriartites tumbezensis Berry 1919
G. †Longapertites van Hoeken-Klinkenberg 1964
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†Longapertites andreisii Archangelsky 1973
†Longapertites brasiliensis González-Guzmán 1967
†Longapertites circulatus González-Guzmán 1967
†Longapertites cuddalorense Ramanujam 1966
†Longapertites fossuloides González-Guzmán 1967
†Longapertites marginatus van Hoeken-Klinkenberg 1964
†Longapertites microfoveolatus Adegoke and Jan du Chene 1975
†Longapertites patagonicus Archangelsky 1973
†Longapertites perforatus González-Guzmán 1967
†Longapertites proxapertitoides Van der Hammen and Garcia de Mutis 1966
+
†Longapertites proxapertitoides proxapertitoides Van der Hammen and Garcia 1966
†Longapertites proxapertitoides reticulatus Van der Hammen and Garcia de Mutis 1966
†Longapertites vaneendenburgi Geermerad et al. 1968
G. †Luminidites Pocknall and Mildenhall 1984
+
†Luminidites colombianensis Jaramillo and Dilcher 2001
G. Manicaria Gaertner 1791
+
†Manicaria haydenii Newberry 1882
G. †Mauritiidites van Hoeken-Klinkenberg 1964
+
†Mauritiidites crassibaculatus van Hoeken-Klinkenberg 1964
†Mauritiidites crassiexinus Du Chene et al. 1978
†Mauritiidites franciscoi van Hoeken-Klinkenberg 1964
+
†Mauritiidites franciscoi franciscoi van Hoeken-Klinkenberg 1964
†Mauritiidites franciscoi minutus Van der Hammen and Garcia de Mutis 1966
†Mauritiidites franciscoi pachyexinatus Van der Hammen and Garcia de Mutis 1966
†Mauritiidites lehmanii Salard-Cheboldaeff 1978
G. †Nipadites Bowerbank 1840
G. Nypa van Wurmb 1779
+
†Nypa australis Pole and Macphail 1996
†Nypa burtini Brongniart 1828
Nypa fruticans Wumb 1781
+
Invalid names: Amomum sheppyense Ettinghausen and Gardner 1879 [synonym], Amomum stenocarpum Ettingshausen 1879 [synonym], Apeibopsis gigantea Fraas 1867 [synonym], Burtinia cocoides Ettingshausen 1852 [synonym], Castellinia ambigua Massalongo 1858 [synonym], Castellinia compressa Massalongo 1858 [synonym], Castellinia elliptica Massalongo 1858 [synonym], Castellinia incurva Massalongo 1852 [synonym], Castellinia subrotunda Massalongo 1852 [synonym], Castellinia zignoana Massalongo 1852 [synonym], Fracastoria anguria Massalongo 1858 [synonym], Fracastoria citriformis Massalongo 1858 [synonym], Fracastoria citrullus Massalongo 1858 [synonym], Fracastoria cucurbitina Massalongo 1858 [synonym], Fracastoria gastrioides Massalongo 1858 [synonym], Fracastoria gigantea Massalongo 1858 [synonym], Fracastoria lagenaria Massalongo 1858 [synonym], Fracastoria megapepo Massalongo 1858 [synonym], Fracastoria melo Massalongo 1858 [synonym], Fracastoria pomiformis Massalongo 1858 [synonym], Fracastoria pyramidalis Massalongo 1858 [synonym], Fracastoria pyriformis Massalongo 1858 [synonym], Fracastoria rotunda Massalongo 1858 [synonym], Fracastoria zignoana Massalongo 1858 [synonym], Nipa hindi Rode 1933 [synonym], Nipa pernambucensis Dolianiti 1955 [synonym], Nipadites acutus Bowerbank 1840 [synonym], Nipadites borneensis Kräusel 1923 [synonym], Nipadites bowerbankii Ettingshausen 1852 [synonym], Nipadites clavatus Bowerbank 1840 [synonym], Nipadites cordiformis Bowerbank 1840 [synonym], Nipadites crassus Bowerbank 1840 [synonym], Nipadites ellipticus Bowerbank 1840 [synonym], Nipadites giganteus Bowerbank 1840 [synonym], Nipadites heberti Watelet 1866 [synonym], Nipadites lanceolatus Bowerbank 1840 [synonym], Nipadites parkinsonis Bowerbank 1840 [synonym], Nipadites pruniformis Bowerbank 1840 [synonym], Nipadites pyramidalis Bowerbank 1840 [synonym], Nipadites semiteres Bowerbank 1840 [synonym], Nipadites sickenbergeri Bonnet 1904 [synonym], Nipadites turgidus Bowerbank 1840 [synonym], Nipadites umbonatus Bowerbank 1840 [synonym], Palaeokeura cretaceum Miguel 1853 [synonym], Pandanocarpum oblongum Brongniart 1828 [synonym], Rubiaceocarpum markgrafi Kraeusel 1939 [synonym]
†Nypa hindi Rode 1933
†Nypa sahnii Lakhanpal 1952
+
Invalid names: Nypaceae Le Maout and Decaisne 1868 [objective synonym]
G. Oraniopsis Dransfield et al. 1985
G. †Oreodoxites Goeppert 1864
+
†Oreodoxites martianus Goeppert 1864
†Oreodoxites plicatus Lesquereux 1883
Invalid names: Oreodoxites Lesquereux 1883 [objective synonym]
G. †Palmacites Brongniart 1822
+
†Palmacites dorfii Read and Hickey 1972
†Palmacites goldianus Lesquereux 1874
†Palmacites khariensis Lakhanpal and Guleria 1982
†Palmacites lamanonis Brongniart 1822
Invalid names: Exflabellaria La Motte 1952 [synonym]
G. †Palmocaulon Menon
+
†Palmocaulon costapalmatum Kulkarni and Patil 1977
†Palmocaulon hyphaeneoides Shete and Kulkarni 1980
G. †Palmostroboxylon Biradar and Bonde 1979
+
†Palmostroboxylon indicum Biradar and Bonde 1979
Invalid names: Palmostroboxylon mahabalei Varadpande 1986 [nomen nudum], Palmostroboxylon umariense Bonde 1988 [nomen nudum]
G. †Palmoxylon Schenk 1882
+
†Palmoxylon anchorus Stevens 1912
†Palmoxylon arcotense Ramanujam 1953
†Palmoxylon arviensis Ambwani 1981
†Palmoxylon barbatum Sahni 1964
†Palmoxylon blanfordi Schenk 1882
†Palmoxylon cellulosum Knowlton 1888
†Palmoxylon chhindwarense Prakash 1960
†Palmoxylon cordatum Trivedi and Surange 1969
†Palmoxylon coromandelensis Mahabale and Rao 1973
†Palmoxylon coronatum Sahni 1980
†Palmoxylon cribriforme Sahni 1964
†Palmoxylon dakshinense Prakash 1960
†Palmoxylon deccanense Sahni 1964
†Palmoxylon dilacunosum Ambwani 1984
†Palmoxylon edwardsii Sahni 1931
†Palmoxylon enochii Estrada-Ruiz and Cevallos-Ferriz 2009
†Palmoxylon eocenum Prakash 1962
†Palmoxylon feistmantelii Rao and Achuthan 1969
†Palmoxylon fibrosum Menon 1965
†Palmoxylon ghughuensis Ambwani and Prakash 1983
†Palmoxylon hislopii Rode 1933
†Palmoxylon indicum Sahni 1931
†Palmoxylon jammuense Sahni 1931
†Palmoxylon kachchhensis Guleria 1983
†Palmoxylon kamalam Rode 1933
†Palmoxylon keriense Trivedi and Verma 1971
†Palmoxylon khalsa Sahni 1964
†Palmoxylon kondhaliensis Mahabale and Kulkarni 1981
†Palmoxylon kraeuselii Rao and Menon 1966
†Palmoxylon krishna Sahni 1931
†Palmoxylon leibigianum Schenk 1882
†Palmoxylon livistonoides Prakash and Ambwani 1980
†Palmoxylon mahabalei Rao and Menon 1967
†Palmoxylon maheshwarii Rao and Menon 1964
†Palmoxylon mandlaensis Lakhanpal et al. 1979
†Palmoxylon mathurii Sahni 1931
†Palmoxylon narayanae Rao and Menon 1962
†Palmoxylon nawargaonsis Shukla 1941
†Palmoxylon pantii Trivedi and Surange 1971
†Palmoxylon parapaniensis Lakhanpal et al. 1979
†Palmoxylon parthasarathyi Rao and Menon 1964
†Palmoxylon patagonicum Romero 1968
†Palmoxylon penchense Trivedi and Verma 1974
†Palmoxylon prismaticum Sahni 1964
†Palmoxylon puratanum Ramanujam 1958
†Palmoxylon pyriforme Sahni 1940
†Palmoxylon quenstedti Felix 1883
†Palmoxylon raoi Menon 1968
†Palmoxylon rewahense Sahni 1964
†Palmoxylon sagari Sahni 1964
†Palmoxylon scottii Dayal and Menon 1965
†Palmoxylon seriatum Sahni 1964
†Palmoxylon shahpuraensis Ambwani 1983
†Palmoxylon siltherensis Ambwani 1984
†Palmoxylon solidum Rode 1934
†Palmoxylon splendidum Trivedi and Chandra 1971
†Palmoxylon sundaram Sahni 1931
†Palmoxylon superbum Trivedi and Verma 1971
†Palmoxylon surangei Lakhanpal 1956
†Palmoxylon umariensis Rode 1935
†Palmoxylon wadiae Sahni 1931
Invalid names: Palmoxylon ambabgholiense Gayakward and Patil 1987 [nomen nudum], Palmoxylon hyphaeneoides Rao and Shete 1986 [nomen nudum], Palmoxylon intertrappeansis Patil and Gayakwad 1985 [nomen nudum], Palmoxylon lacunata Gayakwad and Patil 1986 [nomen nudum], Palmoxylon lacunosum Trivedi et al. 1975 [nomen nudum], Palmoxylon lelei Sampath and Varadpande 1982 [nomen nudum], Palmoxylon mahurzari Barlinge and Paradkar 1975 [nomen nudum], Palmoxylon mohgaonensis Trivedi and Surange 1970 [nomen nudum], Palmoxylon mulatiensis Gayakwad and Patil 1986 [nomen nudum], Palmoxylon rambhakheriense Patil and Gayakwad 1985 [nomen nudum], Palmoxylon takliense Kapgate and Sheikh 1982 [nomen nudum]
G. †Paloreodoxites Knowlton 1930
+
G. †Parapalmocaulon Bonde 1987
+
G. †Phoenicites Brongniart 1828
+
†Phoenicites pumila Brongniart 1828
G. †Racemonocolpites González-Guzmán 1967
+
†Racemonocolpites facilis González-Guzmán 1967
†Racemonocolpites gombeensis Beilstein 1994
†Racemonocolpites hians Muller 1968
†Racemonocolpites racematus Van der Hammen 1954
†Racemonocolpites romanus González-Guzmán 1967
G. †Rhizopalmoxylon Felix 1883
+
†Rhizopalmoxylon sundaram Mahabale 1973
Invalid names: Rhizopalmoxylon phonixoides Patil and Kulkarni 1978 [nomen nudum]
G. Sabal Adanson 1763
+
†Sabal bigbendense Manchester et al. 2010
†Sabal bracknellense Mai 1976
†Sabal eocenica Lesquereux 1872
+
Invalid names: Flabellaria communis Lesquereux 1874 [synonym], Sabal inquirenda Knowlton 1918 [synonym]
†Sabal goldiana Lesquereux 1872
†Sabal grandifolia Newberry 1898
†Sabal grandisperma Reid and Chandler 1933
†Sabal grayana Lesquereux 1869
†Sabal imperialis Dawson 1882
†Sabal leei Knowlton 1918
†Sabal major Unger 1963
†Sabal miocenica Axelrod 1939
†Sabal montana Knowlton 1918
Sabal palmetto Walter 1788
†Sabal powellii Newberry 1882
†Sabal rigida Hatcher 1901
†Sabal rugosa Knowlton 1918
†Sabal ungeri Lesquereux 1878
G. †Sabalocaulon Trivedi and Verma 1981
+
†Sabalocaulon intertrappeum Trivedi and Verma 1981
G. †Sabalophyllum Bonde 1986
+
G. †Spinizonocolpites Muller 1968
+
†Spinizonocolpites breviechinatus Jaramillo and Dilcher 2001
†Spinizonocolpites coloniensis De Benedetti et al. 2023
†Spinizonocolpites complex Frederiksen 1994
†Spinizonocolpites grandis Jaramillo and Dilcher 2001
†Spinizonocolpites hialinus Archangelsky and Zamaloa 1986
†Spinizonocolpites pachyexinatus Jaramillo and Dilcher 2001
†Spinizonocolpites riochiquensis Vallati et al. 2020
†Spinizonocolpites variabilis De Benedetti et al. 2023
G. †Spinopalmoxylon Weyland et al. 1966
+
G. †Tricoccites Rode 1933
+
†Tricoccites trigonum Rode 1933
G. †Tripylocarpa Gandolfo and Futey 2012
+
†Tripylocarpa aestuaria Gandolfo and Futey 2012
G. †Victorisporis Belsky et al. 1965
+
†Victorisporis roberti Belsky et al. 1965
Invalid names: Arecoideae [empty], Borassoideae [objective synonym], Cocosocarpon Sheikh and Kolhe 1985 [nomen nudum], Cocosoideae [objective synonym], Krempocarpon Chitaley and Kate 1974 [nomen nudum], Lepidocaryoideae [objective synonym], Palmae de Jussieu [synonym], Phoenicoideae [objective synonym]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
Diet: "photoautotroph"p
Created: 2011-07-22 00:04:15
Modified: 2011-07-21 09:04:15
Source: p = phylum
Reference: Kiessling 2009

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Carnian to the top of the Holocene or 237.00000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 228.0 Ma

Collections (858 total)

Oldest occurrences

Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Carnian237.0 - 228.0USA (Virginia) Sanmiguelia sp. (24112)
Carnian - Norian237.0 - 208.5USA (Texas) Sanmiguelia sp. (84270)
Early/Lower Kimmeridgian155.7 - 150.8France Palaeospadix furcatus, Palaeospadix spathaeformis (24514)
Neocomian145.0 - 125.77Mongolia (Dornogov) Arecaceae indet. (137862)
Cretaceous - Paleogene145.0 - 23.03India (Madhya Pradesh) Palmoxylon rewahense (225725)
Barremian129.4 - 125.0Japan (Ishikawa) Arecaceae indet. (32324)
Aptian125.0 - 113.0Mexico (Chiapas) Arecipites sp. (68835)
Late/Upper Aptian122.46 - 113.0Brazil (Ceará) Arecipites spp. (151002)
Late/Upper Aptian122.46 - 113.0Argentina (Santa Cruz) Spinizonocolpites sp., Arecipites sp. (149927)
Albian - Cenomanian113.0 - 93.9Bahamas (Off-shore) Palmaepollenites asymmetricus (142271 142272 142273 142274)
Albian - Early/Lower Cenomanian113.0 - 93.5Bahamas (cat Island) Palmaepollenites asymmetricus (140569)
Early/Lower Albian - Early/Lower Cenomanian112.03 - 93.5Argentina (Santa Cruz) Arecipites sp. (149928)
Late/Upper Cretaceous100.5 - 66.0Colombia (Cundinamarca) Geonomites zipaquirensis (31112)
Late/Upper Cretaceous100.5 - 66.0India Palmaepites sp. (224605)
Late/Upper Cretaceous100.5 - 66.0USA (Wyoming) Sabalites sp. (31382)
Late/Upper Cretaceous - Early/Lower Paleocene100.5 - 61.7Argentina (Chubut) Arecipites spp. (195706) Spinizonocolpites hialinus, Arecipites spp., Arecipites minutiscabratus, Longapertites patagonicus, Longapertites andreisii, Arecipites botrus, Spinizonocolpites variabilis (195707)
Late/Upper Cretaceous - Paleocene100.5 - 56.0India (Madhya Pradesh) Nipadites hindi, Nipadites compressus (32317)
Middle Cenomanian99.6 - 93.5South Sudan Arecipites microfoveolatus (200012) Arecipites sp. (199997)
Turonian93.9 - 89.8Egypt (Western Desert) Arecipites sp. A (142210 142213 142215)
Turonian93.9 - 89.8Peru (Loreto) Palmaepollenites labiatus (144973)