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Betula (birch)
Taxonomy
Betula was named by Linnaeus (1753). It is extant.
It was assigned to Betulaceae by Gray (1822), Knowlton (1899), Knowlton (1919), Knowlton (1926), Brown (1959), Lakhanpal et al. (1976), Hickey (1977), Shoshani et al. (1989), Chauhan (1991), Srivastava (1991), Liu et al. (1996), Mabberley (2000).
It was assigned to Betulaceae by Gray (1822), Knowlton (1899), Knowlton (1919), Knowlton (1926), Brown (1959), Lakhanpal et al. (1976), Hickey (1977), Shoshani et al. (1989), Chauhan (1991), Srivastava (1991), Liu et al. (1996), Mabberley (2000).
Species
B. aequalis, B. alaskana, B. alba, B. alnoides, B. alnus, B. angustifolia, B. basiserrata, B. beatriciana, B. bendirei, B. bryani, B. coryloides, B. dayana, B. deltoides, B. elliptica, B. fairii, B. fallax, B. florissanti, B. gracilis, B. grandifolia, B. hesterna, B. heterodonta, B. heteromorpha, B. iddingsi, B. largei, B. lenta, B. leopoldae, B. lutea, B. macclintockia, B. macrophylla, B. nana, B. nanoides, B. nigra, B. parcedentata, B. perantiqua, B. prenigra, B. prisca, B. pseudofontinalis, B. schimperi, B. stevensonii (syn. B. goepperti), B. thor, B. truncata, B. utilis, B. vogdesii
Species lacking formal opinion data
B. apoda, B. ashleyi, B. ashleyii, B. brongniartii, B. buzekii, B. cholmechensis, B. desatoyana, B. digitata, B. dissecta, B. dryadum, B. fushunensis, B. glandulosa, B. grossa, B. idahoensis, B. infrequens, B. lemhiensis, B. longisquamosa, B. mioluminifera, B. miomaximowicziana, B. papyrifera, B. pendula, B. populoides, B. protoglobispica, B. pubescens, B. rhomboidea, B. sachalinensis, B. schmidtii, B. smithiana, B. speciosa, B. stevensoni, B. subpubescens, B. vera
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1753 | Betula Linnaeus p. 982 |
| 1822 | Betula Gray p. 243 |
| 1899 | Betula Knowlton |
| 1919 | Betula Knowlton |
| 1926 | Betula Knowlton |
| 1959 | Betula Brown p. 128 |
| 1976 | Betula Lakhanpal et al. |
| 1977 | Betula Hickey |
| 1989 | Betula Shoshani et al. p. 434 |
| 1991 | Betula Chauhan |
| 1991 | Betula Srivastava |
| 1996 | Betula Liu et al. |
| 2000 | Betula Mabberley |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
G. Betula Linnaeus 1753 [birch]
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†Betula aequalis Lesquereux 1878
†Betula alaskana Lesquereux 1882
Betula alba Linnaeus 1753
Betula alnoides Buchanan-Hamilton 1825
Betula alnus Linnaeus 1753
†Betula angustifolia Newberry 1882
†Betula basiserrata Ward 1885
†Betula beatriciana Lesquereux 1868
†Betula bendirei Knowlton 1902
†Betula bryani Knowlton 1926
†Betula coryloides Ward 1885
†Betula dayana Knowlton 1902
†Betula deltoides Knowlton 1916
†Betula elliptica Saporta 1861
†Betula fairii Knowlton 1926
†Betula fallax Lesquereux 1888
†Betula florissanti Lesquereux 1883
†Betula gracilis Ludwig 1861
†Betula grandifolia Ettingshausen 1867
†Betula hesterna Hickey 1977
†Betula heterodonta Newberry 1882
†Betula heteromorpha Knowlton 1902
†Betula iddingsi Knowlton 1899
†Betula largei Knowlton 1926
Betula lenta Linnaeus 1753
†Betula leopoldae Wolfe and Wehr 1987
Betula lutea Michaux 1811
†Betula macclintockia Cramer 1868
†Betula macrophylla Göppert 1859
Betula nana Linnaeus 1753
†Betula nanoides Knowlton 1926
Betula nigra Linnaeus 1753
†Betula parcedentata Lesquereux 1883
†Betula perantiqua Dawson 1882
†Betula prenigra Berry 1916
†Betula prisca Ettingshausen 1851
†Betula pseudofontinalis Berry 1907
†Betula schimperi Lesquereux 1888
†Betula thor Knowlton 1926
†Betula truncata Lesquereux 1883
Betula utilis Don 1825
†Betula vogdesii Lesquereux 1875
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: p = phylum | |||||
| Reference: Kiessling 2009 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Clarkforkian to the top of the Holocene or 57.50000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 56.0 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 56.0 Ma
Collections (255 total)
Oldest occurrences | |||
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Paleocene | USA (Wyoming) | Betula stevensoni (40139 40140 40775 57929 57973 57992 57994 58000) | |
| Paleocene | USA (Montana) | Betula stevensoni (40104 40935 53956 53963 55856) | |
| Paleocene | China (Heilongjiang) | Betula sachalinensis, Betula speciosa, Betula prisca (223817) | |
| Paleocene | USA (Missouri) | Betula infrequens (231960 231961 231963 231965 232024 232056) | |
| Paleocene | USA (Colorado) | Betula stevensoni (53018) | |
| Paleocene | USA (Virginia) | Betula infrequens (233019 233020 233025 233026 233027) | |
| Paleocene - Eocene | USA (Virginia) | Betula infrequens (233016 233018) | |
| Tertiary | Japan (Aichi) | Betula sp. (22819) | |
| Tertiary | Canada (Nunavut) | Betula sp. (102070) | |
| Late/Upper Paleocene - Early/Lower Eocene | USA (Wyoming) | Betula stevensoni (57970) | |
| Clarkforkian | USA (Wyoming) | Betula stevensonii (11374 11376 11379 11384) | |
| Wasatchian | USA (North Dakota) | Betula hesterna (10802) | |
| Early/Lower Eocene | USA (Idaho) | Betula thor (35337 35347) | |
| Early/Lower Eocene | Canada (British Columbia) | Betula heterodonta (227797) | |
| Ypresian | Canada (British Columbia) | Betula sp., Betula leopoldae (227994) | |
| Eocene | Canada (British Columbia) | Betula leopoldae (179231) Betula sp. (228445) | |
| Eocene | China (Jilin) | Betula mioluminifera (223891) | |
| Eocene | USA (Missouri) | Betula sp. (231934) | |
| Eocene | USA (Alabama) | Betula infrequens (233005) | |
| Eocene | USA (Virginia) | Betula infrequens (233006 233007 233008 233009 233010 233012) | |