PBDB Taxon

Basic info	Taxonomic history	Classification	Included Taxa
Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Pholadinae

Bivalvia - Pholadida - Pholadidae

Taxonomy

Pholadinae was named by Lamarck (1809) [m. kosnik taxon no: 9279]. It is extant.

It was assigned to Pholadidae by Glenn (1904), Abbott (1974), Vokes (1980), Kennedy (1993), Beu (2006), Bouchet et al. (2010), Carter et al. (2011).

Subtaxa

Barnea, Clavipholas, Cyrtopleuropsis, Euxinibarneini, Monothyra, Nipponopholas, Pholadini, Pholas (syn. Hypogaea), Zirfaea, Zirlona

Synonyms

Zirfaeinae was named by Gray (1851). It is extant.

It was synonymized subjectively with Pholadinae by Bouchet et al. (2010).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1809	Pholadinae Lamarck
1851	Zirfaeinae Gray
1904	Pholadinae Glenn p. 274
1974	Pholadinae Abbott p. 543
1980	Pholadinae Vokes p. 187
1993	Pholadinae Kennedy p. 397
2006	Pholadinae Beu p. 295
2010	Pholadinae Bouchet et al.
2011	Pholadinae Carter et al. p. 17

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Protostomia
—	Spiralia
superphylum	Lophotrochozoa
phylum	Mollusca
class	Bivalvia
—	Eubivalvia
subclass	Autobranchia	(Groblen 1894)
infraclass	Heteroconchia	(Gray 1854)

Rank	Name	Author
—	Cardiomorphi	Ferussac 1822
—	Cardioni	Ferussac 1822
—	Cardiidia	Ferussac 1822
—	Cardiata	Ferussac 1822
superorder	Pholadiformii	Gray 1854
order	Pholadida	Gray 1854
superfamily	Pholadoidea	Lamarck 1809
family	Pholadidae	Lamarck 1809
subfamily	Pholadinae	Lamarck 1809
subfamily	Pholadinae	Lamarck 1809

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Subfm. Pholadinae Lamarck 1809

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G. Barnea Leach 1826

Subg. Barnea (Anchomasa) Leach 1852

†Barnea (Anchomasa) saulae Kennedy 1993

Subg. Barnea (Barnea) Leach 1826

Barnea (Barnea) cylindrica Sowerby 1818

Subg. Barnea (Umitakea) Habe 1952

†Barnea australasiae

†Barnea dilatata

Barnea pacifica Stearns 1871 [mud piddock]

†Barnea shihchoensis Wang 1983

Barnea subtruncata Sowerby I 1834

†Barnea tiara Tate 1887

Barnea truncata Say 1822

G. †Clavipholas Conrad 1868

G. Cyrtopleuropsis Pacaud 1998

Tr. †Euxinibarneini Zhgenti 1991

G. †Euxinibarnea Zhgenti 1966

G. Monothyra Tryon 1862

G. Nipponopholas Okamato and Habe 1987

G. Pholas Linnaeus 1758

Subg. †Pholas (Monothyra)

Subg. Pholas (Pholas) Linnaeus 1758

†Pholas (Pholas) memmingeri Tuomey and Holmes 1858

Subg. Pholas (Thovana) Gray 1847

Pholas (Thovana) campechiensis Gmelin 1791

Pholas (Thovana) chiloensis Molina 1782

†Pholas (Thovana) producta Conrad 1863

†Pholas arcuata Conrad 1841

†Pholas baudoni Deshayes 1857

Pholas dactylus Linnaeus 1758

†Pholas intermedia Wood 1879

†Pholas mackiana Maury 1912

†Pholas pectorosa Conrad 1852

†Pholas triquetra Conrad 1848

Invalid names: Hypogaea Poli 1791 [synonym]

G. †Zirlona

Invalid names: Pholadini Lamarck 1809 [empty], Zirfaeinae Gray 1851 [synonym]

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

aragonitec

Locomotion:

stationaryf

Life habit:

boringf

Diet:

suspension feederf

Vision:

blindc

Created:

2009-09-09 13:51:40

Modified:

2009-09-09 15:51:40

Source: f = family, c = class

References: Sanchez Roig 1926, Aberhan et al. 2004

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Early/Lower Aptian to the top of the Holocene or 121.40000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 119.57 Ma

Collections (204 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Oldest occurrences
Early/Lower Aptian	121.4 - 119.57	Switzerland	Pholas cornueliana (2175)
Albian	113.2 - 100.5	Switzerland	Pholas sanctae-crucis (2167)
Cenomanian	100.5 - 93.9	USA (Texas)	Pholas scaphoides (4641 6548)
Coniacian	89.8 - 85.7	USA (California)	Barnea saulae (72037)
Coniacian - Santonian	89.8 - 83.6	USA (California)	Barnea saulae (200459)
Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	USA (North Carolina)	Pholas cithara (190579) Pholas sp. (190555)
Early/Lower Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	USA (Delaware)	Pholas sp. (6127)
Late/Upper Campanian - Early/Lower Maastrichtian	83.6 - 66.0	USA (New Jersey)	Pholas sp. (46617)
Early/Lower Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	USA (Georgia)	Clavipholas pectorosa, Clavipholas sp. (4277)
Early/Lower Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	USA (Alabama)	Clavipholas pectorosa (4247 4254)
Early/Lower Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	USA (Maryland)	Clavipholas pectrosa (125950)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	USA (Alabama)	Clavipholas pectorosa (4201 4229 83225 83238)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	USA (Mississippi)	Clavipholas pectorosa (4122 4124 4126 4127 4137 4146)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	USA (Texas)	Clavipholas pectorosa (4406 4413)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	USA (Missouri)	Clavipholas pectorosa (4384 4385)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	USA (Maryland)	Clavipholas pectorosa (4365 4366 4368 4372 4373) Clavipholas pectorosa, Clavipholas sp. (4369) Pholas sp. (4370)
Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	USA (Maryland)	Clavipholas pectorosa (1312)
Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	USA (New Jersey)	Clavipholas pectorosa (1313)
Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	USA (Alabama)	Clavipholas pectorosa (1306 1352)
Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	USA (Texas)	Clavipholas pectorosa (1296) Clavipholas whitfieldi (1392)