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| Morphology | Ecology and taphonomy | External Literature Search | Age range and collections |
Batoidea (ray)
Taxonomy
Batoidea was named as an order. It is extant.
It was reranked as the superorder Batoidea by Herman (1979); it was synonymized subjectively with Batomorphii by Cappetta (1987); it was reranked as the unranked clade Batoidea by Long (2011).
It was assigned to Euselachiformes by Case (1978); to Chondrichthyes by Lancaster (1986); to Elasmobranchii by Herman (1979), Thurmond and Jones (1981), Goodwin et al. (1999); and to Neoselachii by Long (2011).
It was reranked as the superorder Batoidea by Herman (1979); it was synonymized subjectively with Batomorphii by Cappetta (1987); it was reranked as the unranked clade Batoidea by Long (2011).
It was assigned to Euselachiformes by Case (1978); to Chondrichthyes by Lancaster (1986); to Elasmobranchii by Herman (1979), Thurmond and Jones (1981), Goodwin et al. (1999); and to Neoselachii by Long (2011).
Subtaxa
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1978 | Batoidea Case p. 195 |
| 1979 | Batoidea Herman p. 64 |
| 1981 | Batoidea Thurmond and Jones p. 69 |
| 1986 | Batoidea Lancaster p. 125 |
| 1999 | Batoidea Goodwin et al. p. 731 |
| 2011 | Batoidea Long p. 242 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Unr. Batoidea [ray]
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Superfm. †Rhinobatoidea
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G. †Cristomylus Kirkland et al. 2013
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†Cristomylus bulldogensis Kirkland et al. 2013
†Cristomylus cifellii Kirkland et al. 2013
†Cristomylus leptostemma Wynd et al. 2020
†Cristomylus nelsoni Kirkland et al. 2013
Or. Torpediniformes [electric ray]
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Fm. Narcinidae Gill 1862 [numbfish]
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G. Benthobatis Alcock 1898
G. Discopyge Heckel 1846 [apron ray]
G. Narcine Henle 1834
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†Cyclosphaeroma woodwardi van Straelen 1928
†Narcine olisiponensis Jonet 1968
Invalid names: Cyclonarce Gill 1862 [synonym], Gonionarce Gill 1862 [synonym], Syrraxis Bonaparte 1841 [synonym]
G. †Titanonarke de Carvalho 2010
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†Narcine molini Jaekel 1894
†Titanonarke megapterygia Marramà et al. 2018
Superfm. †Narcinoidea
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G. Heteronarce Regan 1921
Fm. Narkidae Fowler 1934 [sleeper ray]
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G. Bengalichthys Bengalichthys 1909
G. Narke Kaup 1826
G. Temera Gray 1831 [finless sleeper ray]
G. Typhlonarke Waite 1909 [blind electric ray]
Fm. Torpedinidae [torpedo]
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G. †Eotorpedo White 1934
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†Eotorpedo hilgendorfi Jaekel 1904
†Eotorpedo jaekeli White 1934
†Eotorpedo nolfi Herman 1974
†Eotorpedo zennaroi Cappetta 1988
G. †Hypnarce Waite 1902
G. †Narcacion Klein 1775
G. †Tetronarce Gill 1862
G. Torpedo Houttuyn 1764 [torpedo]
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†Torpedo acarinata Adnet 2006
†Torpedo brasiliensis Olfers 1831
†Torpedo gigantea de Blainville 1818
†Torpedo pessanti Adnet 2006
Invalid names: Eunarce Fowler 1910 [synonym], Fimbriotorpedo Fritsch 1886 [synonym], Gymnotorpedo Fritsch 1886 [synonym], Narcobatus [synonym], Notastrape Whitley 1932 [synonym], Tetronarcine Tanaka 1908 [synonym]
Invalid names: Pristiformes [empty]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: o = order, subp = subphylum | |||||
| References: Hendy et al. 2009, Wagner 2023, Carroll 1988 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Tithonian to the top of the Late/Upper Pliocene or 149.20000 to 2.58000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 143.1 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 143.1 Ma
Collections (94 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tithonian | Tanzania (Lindi) | Engaibatis schultzei (53683) | |
| Late/Upper Berriasian | United Kingdom (England) | Batoidea indet. (90718 90719 90721 90728) | |
| Hauterivian - Barremian | Libya | Batoidea indet. (61465) | |
| Early/Lower Albian | USA (Texas) | Batoidea indet. (31172) | |
| Early/Lower Cenomanian | Palestinian Territory | Batoidea indet. (11804) | |
| Early/Lower Cenomanian | Uzbekistan (Navoi) | Batoidea indet. (58208) | |
| Early/Lower Cenomanian | Egypt (Al Jizah) | Batoidea indet. (123976) | |
| Middle Cenomanian - Late/Upper Cenomanian | USA (Utah) | Cristomylus bulldogensis (14385) | |
| Middle Turonian | USA (New Mexico) | Batoidea indet. (179267) | |
| Middle Turonian - Late/Upper Turonian | USA (Utah) | Cristomylus bulldogensis (14414) | |
| Early/Lower Coniacian | USA (Texas) | Batoidea indet. (34755) | |
| Coniacian - Santonian | USA (Utah) | Rhinobatoidea indet. (14417) | |
| Late/Upper Santonian - Early/Lower Campanian | USA (Utah) | Rhinobatoidea indet. (14413) | |
| Late/Upper Santonian - Middle Campanian | USA (Missouri) | Batoidea indet. (45679) | |
| Early/Lower Campanian | USA (Utah) | Batoidea indet. (167526 167528 167530) Cristomylus cifellii (75840 75841) | |
| Early/Lower Campanian | Sweden (Skåne) | Rhinobatoidea sp. 2 (74334) | |
| Early/Lower Campanian | USA (New Jersey) | Batoidea indet. (88610) | |
| Early/Lower Campanian | Sweden (Götaland) | Rhinobatoidea indet. 2 (102886) | |
| Early/Lower Campanian | Sweden (Skane) | Rhinobatoidea indet. 1 (106411) | |
| Late/Upper Campanian | Canada (Alberta) | Rhinobatoidea indet. (98674) | |
| Late/Upper Campanian | USA (New Mexico) | Batoidea indet. (179271) | |
| Middle Campanian | USA (Utah) | Myledaphus sp. (61844) | |
| Middle Campanian - Late/Upper Campanian | Canada (Alberta) | Batoidea indet. (199749) | |
| Late/Upper Campanian - Early/Lower Maastrichtian | USA (Colorado) | Cristomylus sp. (167302) | |
| Late/Upper Campanian - Early/Lower Maastrichtian | USA (New Jersey) | Batoidea indet. (221052) | |
| Early/Lower Maastrichtian | Spain (Cataluña) | Batoidea indet. (36727 36728) | |
| Early/Lower Maastrichtian | Canada (Alberta) | Rhinobatoidea indet. (135743) | |
| Lancian | USA (Montana) | Batoidea indet. (14614) Cristomylus leptostemma (14549 144502) | |
| Late/Upper Maastrichtian | USA (New Jersey) | Batoidea indet. (124937) | |
| Danian | Morocco | Eotorpedo zennaroi (91362) | |
| Paleocene | Saudi Arabia (Makkah) | Eotorpedo hilgendorfi (140957 140968 140969) | |
| Middle Paleocene - Late/Upper Paleocene | Mali | Eotorpedo hilgendorfi (115411) | |
| Selandian - Thanetian | USA (Alabama) | Batoidea indet. (80367 80384 80387) | |
| Late/Upper Paleocene | USA (Mississippi) | Eotorpedo jaekeli (62872) | |
| Late/Upper Paleocene | Kazakhstan (Chimkent) | Batoidea indet. (48888) | |
| Late/Upper Paleocene | Russian Federation (Volgograd) | Batoidea indet. (38077) | |
| Thanetian | Russian Federation (Volgograd) | Batoidea indet. (176206) | |
| Thanetian | Niger | Eotorpedo hilgendorfi, Eotorpedo jaekeli (229530) | |
| Thanetian | Morocco | Eotorpedo hilgendorfi (71234) | |
| Early/Lower Eocene | USA (Mississippi) | Eotorpedo jaeckeli (62890) | |
| Ypresian | Italy | Platyrhina gigantea (55239) Torpediniformes indet., Platyrhina gigantea, Titanonarke molini (94830) | |
| Ypresian | France (Île-de-France) | Batoidea indet. (68437) | |
| Ypresian | USA (South Carolina) | Eotorpedo hilgendorfi (203258) | |
| Ypresian | USA (Alabama) | Batoidea indet. (80785) | |
| Ypresian | Italy (Verona) | Platyrhina gigantea, Titanonarke molini (219837) | |
| Ypresian | Morocco | Eotorpedo hilgendorfi (71233) Narcine sp. (91363) | |
| Ypresian | Italy (Vicenze) | Narcine molini (239824) Titanonarke megapterygia, Titanonarke molini (127545) | |
| Ypresian - Lutetian | Tunisia | Narcine sp. (87795) | |
| Ypresian - Lutetian | France (Landes) | Torpedo pessanti (161754) | |
| Lutetian | Togo | Narcine sp. (32991) | |
| Lutetian | USA (South Carolina) | Eotorpedo hilgendorfi (32901) | |
| Lutetian - Bartonian | Egypt | Narcine sp. (137540) | |
| Lutetian - Bartonian | France (Landes) | Torpedo acarinata, Torpedo pessanti (161753) | |
| Middle Eocene | Ukraine (Crimea) | Torpedo sp. (140018) | |
| Bartonian | United Kingdom (England) | Batoidea indet. (42636 42639) | |
| Bartonian | Tunisia (Sidi Bouzid Township) | Torpedo sp. (173640) | |
| Priabonian | Western Sahara | Narcine sp. (96686) | |
| Priabonian | Kazakhstan | Batoidea indet. (113118) | |
| Priabonian | Jordan | Torpedo sp. (32899) | |
| Priabonian | Egypt | Narcine sp. (137550 137551 137564 137569 137588) Narcine sp., Torpedo sp. (137582) Torpedo sp. (137568) | |
| Miocene - Pliocene | South Africa | Batoidea indet. (22228) | |
| Otaian - Altonian | New Zealand | Batoidea indet. (77489) | |
| Burdigalian | Spain (Mallorca) | Batoidea indet. (155253) | |
| Burdigalian | Colombia (La Guajira) | Batoidea indet. (161622) | |
| Barstovian | USA (Nebraska) | Batoidea indet. (18443) | |
| Tortonian | Portugal | Narcine olisiponensis (91355) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Netherlands (Noord-Brabant) | Torpedo sp. (162679) | |
| MN 13 | Portugal (Alvalade) | Torpedo sp. (65955) | |
| MN 13 | Portugal | Torpedo sp. (65954) | |
| Late/Upper Pliocene | Peru | Batoidea indet. (97648) |