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Anomoepus
Taxonomy
Anomoepus was named by Hitchcock (1848). It is considered to be a form taxon. Its type is Anomoepus scambus. It is the type genus of Anomoepodidae.
It was assigned to Batrachia by Hitchcock (1848); to Dinosauria by Hitchcock (1898); to Orthopoda by Lull (1917); to Anemoepodidae by Haubold (1969); to Ornithischia by Haubold (1974); to Theropoda by Romero Molina et al. (2003); to Anomoepidae by Lockley and Gierlinski (2006); to Ornithopoda by Lull (1924), Thulborn (1993), Thulborn (2006) and Gierlinski et al. (2009); to Ornithischia by Weishampel (2006) and Niedźwiedzki (2011); and to Anomoepodidae by Lull (1904), Lull (1915), Hitchcock and Grier (1927), Lull (1953), Kuhn (1958), Kuhn (1963), Haubold (1971), Olsen and Galton (1984), Olsen (1986), Gierlinski (1991), Avanzini et al. (2001), Niedzwiedzki and Pienkowski (2004), Lockley et al. (2009), Li et al. (2010) and Xing et al. (2016).
It was assigned to Batrachia by Hitchcock (1848); to Dinosauria by Hitchcock (1898); to Orthopoda by Lull (1917); to Anemoepodidae by Haubold (1969); to Ornithischia by Haubold (1974); to Theropoda by Romero Molina et al. (2003); to Anomoepidae by Lockley and Gierlinski (2006); to Ornithopoda by Lull (1924), Thulborn (1993), Thulborn (2006) and Gierlinski et al. (2009); to Ornithischia by Weishampel (2006) and Niedźwiedzki (2011); and to Anomoepodidae by Lull (1904), Lull (1915), Hitchcock and Grier (1927), Lull (1953), Kuhn (1958), Kuhn (1963), Haubold (1971), Olsen and Galton (1984), Olsen (1986), Gierlinski (1991), Avanzini et al. (2001), Niedzwiedzki and Pienkowski (2004), Lockley et al. (2009), Li et al. (2010) and Xing et al. (2016).
Species
A. crassus, A. culbertsonii, A. fringilla, A. gallinuloides, A. giganteus, A. lacertoideus, A. major, A. minutus, A. moabensis, A. moghrebensis, A. palmipes, A. pienkovskii, A. ranivorus, A. scambus (syn. Moyenisauropus longicauda, Moyenisauropus natator, Moyenisauropus dodai, A. minimus, Plesiornis quadrupes, A. cuneatus, A. curvatus, Eubrontes gracillimus, Moyenisauropus vermivorus, A. minor, A. intermedius, Plesiornis minor, Apatichnus holyokensis, Brontozoum fulicoides, Aethyopus minor, A. isodactylus, Moyenisauropus minor, Moyenisauropus levicauda, Moyenisauropus natatilis, Apatichnus circumagens) (type species), A. shingi, A. turda, Moyenisauropus karaszevskii, Shensipus tungchuanensis, Shensipus xiaoliheensis
Synonyms
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1848 | Anomoepus Hitchcock p. 220 |
| 1898 | Anomoepus Hitchcock p. 401 |
| 1904 | Anomoepus Lull p. 500 |
| 1915 | Anomoepus Lull p. 208 |
| 1917 | Anomoepus Lull p. 117 |
| 1924 | Anomoepus Lull p. 260 |
| 1927 | Anomoepus Hitchcock and Grier p. 187 |
| 1953 | Anomoepus Lull p. 192 |
| 1958 | Anomoepus Kuhn p. 24 |
| 1963 | Anomoepus Kuhn p. 89 |
| 1966 | Shensipus Young p. 70 |
| 1969 | Anomoepus Haubold p. 101 |
| 1970 | Moyenisauropus Ellenberger p. 374 |
| 1971 | Shensipus Haubold p. 73 |
| 1971 | Anomoepus Haubold p. 83 |
| 1971 | Hopiichnus Welles p. 32 |
| 1972 | Moyenisauropus Ellenberger p. 152 |
| 1974 | Moyenisauropus Ellenberger p. 27 |
| 1974 | Shensipus Haubold p. 45 |
| 1974 | Anomoepus Haubold p. 46 |
| 1984 | Anomoepus Olsen and Galton p. 99 |
| 1986 | Anomoepus Olsen p. 21 |
| 1987 | Moyenisauropus Gierlinksi and Potemska |
| 1989 | Shensipus Zhen et al. p. 192 |
| 1991 | Anomoepus Gierlinski p. 141 |
| 1991 | Moyenisauropus Gierlinski p. 143 |
| 1993 | Anomoepus Thulborn p. 462 |
| 1993 | Moyenisauropus Thulborn p. 462 |
| 2001 | Anomoepus Avanzini et al. p. 132 |
| 2003 | Anomoepus Romero Molina et al. p. 24 |
| 2003 | Moyenisauropus Romero Molina et al. p. 24 |
| 2003 | Shensipus Romero Molina et al. p. 25 |
| 2004 | Anomoepus Niedzwiedzki and Pienkowski p. 337 |
| 2005 | Moyenisauropus Gierlinski and Niedzwiedzki p. 99 |
| 2005 | Moyenisauropus Knoll p. 85 |
| 2006 | Anomoepus Lockley and Gierlinski p. 179 |
| 2006 | Anomoepus Thulborn p. 284 |
| 2006 | Moyenisauropus Thulborn p. 288 fig. 7 |
| 2006 | Anomoepus Weishampel p. 141 |
| 2009 | Anomoepus Gierlinski et al. p. 230 |
| 2009 | Anomoepus Lockley et al. p. 263 |
| 2009 | Moyenisauropus Smith et al. p. 679 |
| 2010 | Anomoepus Li et al. p. 733 |
| 2011 | Anomoepus Niedźwiedzki p. 293 |
| 2011 | Moyenisauropus Niedźwiedzki p. 294 |
| 2016 | Anomoepus Xing et al. p. 518 |
| 2017 | Shensipus Li and Zhang p. 282 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
G. †Anomoepus Hitchcock 1848
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†Anomoepus crassus Hitchcock 1889
†Anomoepus culbertsonii King 1844
†Anomoepus fringilla Ellenberger 1974
†Anomoepus gallinuloides King 1844
†Anomoepus giganteus Hitchcock and Grier 1927
†Anomoepus lacertoideus Hitchcock 1858
†Anomoepus major Hitchcock 1858
†Anomoepus minutus Ellenberger 1974
†Anomoepus moabensis Lockley et al. 1992
†Anomoepus moghrebensis Biron and Dutuit 1981
†Anomoepus palmipes Ellenberger 1970
†Anomoepus pienkovskii Gierlinski 1991
†Anomoepus ranivorus Ellenberger 1970
†Anomoepus scambus Hitchcock 1848
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Invalid names: Anomoepus cuneatus Hitchcock 1889 [synonym], Anomoepus curvatus Hitchcock 1862 [synonym], Anomoepus intermedius Hitchcock 1862 [synonym], Anomoepus isodactylus Hitchcock 1889 [synonym], Anomoepus minimus Hitchcock 1862 [synonym], Anomoepus minor Hitchcock 1858 [synonym], Apatichnus circumagens Hitchcock 1858 [synonym], Eubrontes gracillimus Hitchcock 1844 [synonym], Moyenisauropus dodai Ellenberger 1974 [synonym], Moyenisauropus levicauda Ellenberger 1974 [synonym], Moyenisauropus longicauda Ellenberger 1972 [synonym], Moyenisauropus minor Ellenberger 1970 [synonym], Moyenisauropus natatilis Ellenberger 1974 [synonym], Moyenisauropus natator Ellenberger 1970 [synonym], Moyenisauropus vermivorus Ellenberger 1970 [synonym], Plesiornis quadrupes Hitchcock 1858 [synonym]
†Anomoepus shingi Welles 1971
†Anomoepus turda Ellenberger 1972
Invalid names: Hopiichnus Welles 1971 [synonym], Moyenisauropus Ellenberger 1970 [synonym], Shensipus Young 1966 [synonym]
Diagnosis
| Reference | Diagnosis | |
|---|---|---|
| E. Hitchcock 1848 | Hind feet plantigrade, three-toed (four-toed?); all the toes pointing forward. Heel long, extending to the tarsal joint. Fore foot quinquefid, digitigrade. All the toes pachydactylous, and making phalangeal impressions. | |
| G. Gierlinski 1991 (Moyenisauropus) | Normally bipedal, but sometimes also quadrupedal. Pes functionally tridactyl. Hallux rarely imprinted. Pedal digits massive, short and highly divaricated, Two phalangeal pads are present in the pedal digit III. The pedal digit IV is longest. In the trackway, the pes is directed inward. Metatarsal impression occurs when the trackmaker rests. In the pes imprints, which were left during active locomotion, the angle between digits II and III is always larger than that one between digits III and IV. The pentadactyl manus has short and thick digits. Manual digits are subequal in length. | |
| G. Gierlinski 1991 | Normally bipedal, but sometimes quadrupedal also. Pes with three functional digits. Hallux rarely imprinted. Pedal digits II, III and IV usually tend to be subequal in length, but sometimes digit IV is clearly the longest one. In the trackway, the pes is directed forward or inward. Metatarsal impression occurs when the trackmaker rests. The manus is tetradactyl or pentadactyl. Manual digits II and III are longest. | |
| L. Xing et al. 2016 | {After Olsen and Rainforth 2003). Small tracks (pes imprints , 20 cm long) of a facultative biped with wide digit divarication and weak mesaxony. Pes imprints tetradactyl, but functionally tridactyl. Sitting tracks with metatarsal and pentadactyl manus impressions. Metatarsal-phalangeal pad of digit IV almost directly in line with axis of digit III in walking tracks. Pedal digit I (hallux) relatively long and often at least partially impressed, especially in sitting tracks. In the manus, digit III longest with other digits decreasing in length symmetrically away from that digit. Tail trace usually present in sitting tracks. Fully bipedal as well as quadrupedal walking trackways occur. |
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: subo = suborder, o = order | |||||
| References: Benton 1983, Marsh 1875 | |||||
Age range: base of the Carnian to the top of the Early/Lower Cretaceous or 237.00000 to 100.50000 Ma
Collections (96 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Carnian | Morocco (Marrakech-Safi) | A. moghrebensis (34701) | |
| Carnian | Italy (Liguria) | A. sp. (68780) | |
| Late/Upper Triassic | USA (New Jersey) | A. intermedius (91694) | |
| Norian | USA (Pennsylvania) | A. gracillimus (55413) A. sp. (55414) | |
| Norian | USA (New Mexico) | A. sp. (46560) | |
| Norian - Rhaetian | Poland (Malopolskie) | Moyenisauropus sp., A. sp. (157240) | |
| Lacian - Alaunian | USA (Virginia) | A. sp. (68890) | |
| Early/Lower Jurassic | China (Shaanxi) | A. sp. (126539) | |
| Early/Lower Jurassic | Australia (Queensland) | Ornithopoda indet. (62555) | |
| Early/Lower Jurassic | China (Nei Mongol) | A. intermedius (107973) | |
| Hettangian | USA (Utah) | A. sp. (121320) | |
| Hettangian | China (Yunnan) | A. sp. (182630) | |
| Hettangian | USA (New Jersey) | A. scambus (192337) A. scambus, A. crassus (55527) Apatichnus crassus (100136) | |
| Hettangian | USA (Connecticut) | A. intermedius (46438) | |
| Hettangian | USA (Massachusetts) | A. sp. (55331) Apatichnus circumagens (53030) Plesiornis quadrupes, A. curvatus, A. gracillimus, A. minimus, A. cuneatus, Apatichnus circumagens, A. minor, Apatichnus holyokensis, Corvipes lacertoideus, A. major (52986) | |
| Early/Lower Hettangian | USA (Utah) | Megalosauridae indet. (52153) | |
| Early/Lower Hettangian | Poland (Swietokrzyskie) | A. sp. (83229 84260) Moyenisauropus karaszevskii (194089) | |
| Early/Lower Hettangian | Canada (Nova Scotia) | A. sp. (138976 138977 138978) | |
| Early/Lower Hettangian - Middle Hettangian | Poland (Swietokrzyskie) | Moyenisauropus natator (56965) | |
| Late/Upper Hettangian | Poland (Swietokrzyskie) | Moyenisauropus sp., A. curvatus, A. pienkovskii, Moyenisauropus karaszevskii (28334) | |
| Late/Upper Hettangian | Italy (Trentino-Alto Adige) | Ornithopoda indet. (68778) | |
| Late/Upper Hettangian | Poland (Mazowieckie) | Moyenisauropus sp. (56963) | |
| Middle Hettangian | Poland (Swietokrzyskie) | A. sp. (56999) Moyenisauropus natator (56964) | |
| Hettangian - Sinemurian | Lesotho (Quthing) | Moyenisauropus levicauda, Moyenisauropus palmipes, Masitisisauropezus minutus, Masitisisauropodiscus fringilla, Masitisisauropodiscus turdus (84072) Moyenisauropus natator (149702) Moyenisauropus natator, Moyenisauropus dodai, Moyenisauropus vermivorus, Moyenisauropus minor, Moyenisauropus longicauda, Moyenisauropus natatilis, Moyenisauropus palmipes (56026) Moyenisauropus vermivorus, Moyenisauropus longicauda (149701) | |
| Hettangian - Sinemurian | USA (Massachusetts) | A. crassus, Corvipes lacertoideus (52985) A. intermedius, Ornithoidichnites gracillimus, A. cuneatus, A. isodactylus (52995) A. intermedius, Plesiornis quadrupes, A. gracillimus, A. minimus, A. cuneatus, A. minor (91669) A. intermedius, Plesiornis quadrupes, A. scambus, A. curvatus, Grallator gracillimus, A. gracillimus, A. minimus, Apatichnus circumagens (52998) A. isodactylus (52993) A. minor, A. major (91578) A. scambus, A. minor, Ornithoidichnites fulicoides (52994) A. scambus, Ornithoidichnites gracillimus, A. minor, Corvipes lacertoideus, Ornithoidichnites fulicoides (52996) A. sp. (53025 140486) A. sp., A. intermedius, A. scambus, A. curvatus, A. gracillimus, A. minimus, Apatichnus circumagens, A. minor, Corvipes lacertoideus, A. major (52987) Apatichnus circumagens (53032) Brontozoum gracillimum (53028) | |
| Hettangian - Sinemurian | Lesotho (Maseru) | A. sp. (230716) | |
| Hettangian - Sinemurian | USA (Utah) | A. sp., A. minimus (184682) | |
| Hettangian - Sinemurian | USA (Connecticut) | A. gracillimus, Corvipes lacertoideus (53023) A. intermedius, A. curvatus, Corvipes lacertoideus (53000) Grallator gracillimus (91574) | |
| Hettangian - Sinemurian | Lesotho (Mohale's Hoek) | Moyenisauropus natator, Moyenisauropus vermivorus (149703) | |
| Hettangian - Early/Lower Sinemurian | Argentina (Río Negro) | A. sp. (197262) | |
| Sinemurian | Australia (Queensland) | A. sp. (60756) | |
| Sinemurian - Pliensbachian | USA (Utah) | A. sp. (223705) | |
| Sinemurian - Pliensbachian | USA (Arizona) | Hopiichnus shingi (126606) | |
| Pliensbachian | USA (Utah) | A. sp. (193256 193257 193258 193259 193265 193266 225150 229818) Moyenisauropus sp. (193262 193267) | |
| Pliensbachian | Lesotho (Mohale's Hoek) | Masitisisauropus palmipes (149715) | |
| Pliensbachian - Toarcian | USA (Utah) | A. sp. (201625) Coelurosauria indet. (60602) | |
| Toarcian | China (Guizhou) | A. sp. (224181) | |
| Toarcian | USA (Utah) | A. sp. (193260 193264) Moyenisauropus sp. (193261) | |
| Middle Jurassic | China (Shaanxi) | A. sp. (182636 182637) Shensipus tungchuanensis (52851 224344) Shensipus xiaoliheensis (224345) | |
| Aalenian - Bajocian | China (Sichuan) | A. sp. (220044) | |
| Bajocian | China (Chongqing) | A. sp. (60492) | |
| Kimmeridgian | USA (Wyoming) | A. sp. (36270) | |
| Kimmeridgian | Spain (Asturias) | A. sp. (219747 219751) | |
| Kimmeridgian | USA (Colorado) | A. sp. (192777) | |
| Early/Lower Kimmeridgian - Late/Upper Kimmeridgian | Portugal (Centro) | A. sp. (225903 225905) | |
| Late/Upper Kimmeridgian - Early/Lower Tithonian | Portugal (Centro) | A. sp. (225909) Theropoda indet. (225910) | |
| Tithonian - Berriasian | Canada (British Columbia) | A. sp. (52587) | |
| Middle Tithonian - Late/Upper Tithonian | Portugal (Centro) | A. sp. (225899) | |
| Early/Lower Cretaceous | China (Sichuan) | A. sp. (219998) | |
| Late/Upper Albian - Early/Lower Cenomanian | USA (Colorado) | A. sp. (61430) |