PBDB Taxon

Basic info	Taxonomic history	Classification	Included Taxa
Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Confuciusornis

Osteichthyes - Confuciusornithiformes - Confuciusornithidae

Taxonomy

Confuciusornis was named by Hou et al. (1995). It is the type genus of Confuciusornithidae.

It was assigned to Enantiornithes by Hou et al. (1995); to Ornithurae by Sereno (1999); to Enantiornithes by Kurochkin et al. (2013); to Avialae by Norell and Clarke (2001), Maryanska et al. (2002), Godefroit et al. (2013); to Aves by O'Connor and Sullivan (2014); to Pygostylia by Lefevre et al. (2014); to Confuciusornithiformes by O'Connor and Zelenkov (2013), O'Connor et al. (2014); and to Confuciusornithidae by Hou (1997), Ji et al. (1999), Hou et al. (1999), Chiappe (2002), Padian (2004), Zhang et al. (2009), Zhou and Wang (2010), Li et al. (2010), Wang et al. (2014), Wang et al. (2014), Wang et al. (2015), Wang et al. (2015), Wang and Liu (2015), Wang et al. (2019).

Species

C. chuongzhous, C. dui, C. sanctus (syn. Jinzhouornis yixianensis, C. jianchangensis, Jinzhouornis zhangjiyingia, C. feducciai, C. suniae)

Synonyms

Jinzhouornis was named by Hou et al. (2002).

It was synonymized subjectively with Confuciusornis by Wang et al. (2019).

It was assigned to Confuciusornithiformes by O'Connor and Zelenkov (2013), O'Connor et al. (2014); and to Confuciusornithidae by Zhou and Wang (2010), Wang et al. (2014), Wang et al. (2014), Wang et al. (2015), Wang et al. (2015), Wang and Liu (2015).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1995	Confuciusornis Hou et al.
1997	Confuciusornis Hou
1999	Confuciusornis Hou et al. p. 679
1999	Confuciusornis Ji et al. p. 1
1999	Confuciusornis Sereno p. 74 fig. 9
2001	Confuciusornis Norell and Clarke p. 183
2002	Confuciusornis Chiappe p. 451 fig. 20.1
2002	Jinzhouornis Hou et al.
2002	Confuciusornis Maryanska et al. p. 101 fig. 1
2004	Confuciusornis Padian p. 212
2009	Confuciusornis Zhang et al. p. 784
2010	Confuciusornis Li et al. p. 184
2010	Confuciusornis Zhou and Wang
2010	Jinzhouornis Zhou and Wang
2013	Confuciusornis Godefroit et al.
2013	Confuciusornis Kurochkin et al.
2013	Confuciusornis O'Connor and Zelenkov
2013	Jinzhouornis O'Connor and Zelenkov
2014	Confuciusornis Lefevre et al.
2014	Confuciusornis O'Connor et al.
2014	Jinzhouornis O'Connor et al.
2014	Confuciusornis O'Connor and Sullivan
2014	Confuciusornis Wang et al.
2014	Jinzhouornis Wang et al.
2014	Confuciusornis Wang et al.
2014	Jinzhouornis Wang et al.
2015	Confuciusornis Wang et al.
2015	Jinzhouornis Wang et al.
2015	Confuciusornis Wang and Liu
2015	Jinzhouornis Wang and Liu
2015	Confuciusornis Wang et al.
2015	Jinzhouornis Wang et al.
2019	Confuciusornis Wang et al. p. 4

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
class	Osteichthyes
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota
—	Sauropsida
class	Reptilia
subclass	Eureptilia	()
—	Romeriida
—	Diapsida	()
—	Archosauromorpha	(Huene 1946)

Rank	Name	Author
—	Crocopoda
—	Archosauriformes	Gauthier 1986
—	Eucrocopoda
—	Archosauria	()
informal	Avemetatarsalia
—	Ornithodira
—	Dinosauromorpha
—	Dinosauriformes
—	Dinosauria	()
—	Saurischia	()
—	Theropoda	()
—	Neotheropoda
—	Averostra	Paul 2002
—	Tetanurae
—	Coelurosauria	()
—	Maniraptora
—	Paraves
class	Aves
—	Pygostylia	Chiappe 2002
order	Confuciusornithiformes	Hou et al. 1995
family	Confuciusornithidae	Hou et al. 1995
genus	Confuciusornis	Hou et al. 1995

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. †Confuciusornis Hou et al. 1995

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†Confuciusornis chuongzhous Hou 1997

†Confuciusornis dui Hou et al. 1999

†Confuciusornis sanctus Hou et al. 1995

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Invalid names: Confuciusornis feducciai Zhang et al. 2009 [synonym], Confuciusornis jianchangensis Li et al. 2010 [synonym], Confuciusornis suniae Hou 1997 [synonym], Jinzhouornis yixianensis Hou et al. 2002 [synonym], Jinzhouornis zhangjiyingia Hou et al. 2002 [synonym]

Invalid names: Jinzhouornis Hou et al. 2002 [synonym]

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

hydroxyapatiteo

Entire body:

yeso

Adult length:

10 to < 100o

Adult width:

1.0 to < 10o

Adult height:

1.0 to < 10o

Architecture:

compact or denseo

Ontogeny:

accretion, modification of partso

Grouping:

solitaryo

Environment:

terrestrialo

Locomotion:

actively mobileo

Life habit:

ground dwellingo

Diet:

carnivoresubo

Reproduction:

oviparouso

Dispersal:

direct/internalo

Dispersal 2:

mobileo

Created:

2009-01-03 20:39:15

Modified:

2009-01-03 22:39:15

Source: subo = suborder, o = order

References: Kiessling 2004, Benton 1983, Marsh 1875

Age range: base of the Late/Upper Barremian to the top of the Early/Lower Aptian or 125.77000 to 119.57000 Ma

Collections (16 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Late/Upper Barremian	125.77 - 121.4	China (Nei Mongol)	C. sp. (103654)
Late/Upper Barremian - Early/Lower Aptian	125.77 - 119.57	China (Liaoning)	C. dui (24899) C. feducciai (92626) C. sanctus (85298 224635) C. sp. (50467 50468 50469 52888) C. sp., C. sanctus, C. suniae (50470) Jinzhouornis yixianensis (156032) Jinzhouornis zhangjiyingia (79522)
Aptian	121.4 - 113.2	China (Liaoning)	C. jianchangensis (98449) C. sp. (55536 79518 79941)