PBDB Taxon

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Batrachopus

Reptilia - Batrachopodidae

Taxonomy

Batrachopus was named by Hitchcock (1845). It is considered to be a form taxon. Its type is Sauroidichnites deweyi. It is the type genus of Batrachopodidae, Batrachopodidae.

It was assigned to Tridactylidaee by Hitchcock (1845); to Amphibia by Owen (1859); to Batrachia by Owen (1861); to Aetosauria by Lull (1917); to Reptilia by Lull (1953); to Thecodontia by Kuhn (1958); to Pseudosuchia by Kuhn (1963), Lapparent and Montenat (1967); to Batrachopodidae by Haubold (1969); to Protosuchia by Haubold (1974); to Batrachopodidae by Lull (1915), Hitchcock and Grier (1927), Haubold (1971), Demathieu and Haubold (1972), Olsen and Galton (1984); and to Crocodylomorpha by Olsen (1995), Rainforth (2003), Lucas et al. (2006).

Species

B. argentinus, B. bakoenaorum, B. bellus (syn. Comptichnus obesus), B. deweyi (syn. Exocampe minima, Exocampe arcta, Palamopus palmatus, Palamopus rogersi, Macropterna vulgaris, Macropterna rhynchosauroidea, Exocampe ornata, Arachichnus dehiscens, B. gilberti, Palamopus gracilipes, Orthodactylus floriferus, B. parvulus, Antipus flexiloquus, Orthodactylus linearis, Cheirotheroides pilulatus, Orthodactylus introvergens, Chelonoides incedens, Sustenodactylus curvatus), B. dispar, B. gainensis, B. gracilis (syn. Shepardia palmipes, B. gracilior), B. grandis, B. pilosus, B. rugosus, B. supersaltator, B. tenuis, B. varians, Chelonoides robusta, Chelonoides wittei, Comptichnus moorosi, Orthodactylus howelli, Palamopus anomalus (syn. Macropterna recta, Ornithichnites palmatus, Sauroidichnites palmatus), Palamopus divaricans, Sustenodactylus hollandicus

Synonyms

Comptichnus was named by Hitchcock (1865). It is considered to be a form taxon. Its type is Comptichnus moorosi.

It was synonymized subjectively with Batrachopus by Haubold (1971), Olsen and Padian (1986), Knoll (2004), Rainforth (2007).

It was assigned to Reptilia by Lull (1904), Lull (1917); to Thecodontia by Kuhn (1958); to Batrachopodidae by Haubold (1969); and to Therapsida by Ellenberger (1972).
Nanopodiscus was named by Ellenberger (1970).

It was synonymized subjectively with Batrachopus by Olsen and Galton (1984).
Exocampe was named by Hitchcock (1858). It is considered to be a form taxon. Its type is Exocampe arcta.

It was synonymized subjectively with Batrachopus by Olsen and Padian (1986).

It was assigned to Chelonia by Hitchcock (1858); to Batrachia by Hitchcock (1898); to Reptilia by Lull (1904), Lull (1917); to Amphibia by Kuhn (1958); and to Lacertoidea by Haubold (1974).
Chelonoides was named by Agassiz (1857). It is extant. It is considered to be a form taxon.

It was reranked as Geochelone (Chelonoides) by Loveridge and Williams (1957), Auffenberg (1971); it was considered an invalid subgroup of Geochelone by Crumly (1982); it was synonymized subjectively with Batrachopus by Olsen and Padian (1986).

It was assigned to Emydidae by Portis (1878); to Testudinata by Lull (1904); to Reptilia by Lull (1917); and to Geochelone by Loveridge and Williams (1957), Auffenberg (1971).
Palamopus was named by Hitchcock (1845). It is considered to be a form taxon. Its type is Palamopus anomalus.

It was synonymized subjectively with Batrachopus by Olsen and Padian (1986).

It was assigned to Tetradactylidae by Hitchcock (1845); to Reptilia by Lull (1904), Lull (1917); to Amphibia by Kuhn (1958); and to Lacertoidea by Haubold (1974).
Macropterna was named by Hitchcock (1848). It is considered to be a form taxon.

It was synonymized subjectively with Palamopus by Hay (1902), Lull (1904), Hay (1930); it was synonymized subjectively with Batrachopus by Olsen and Padian (1986).

It was assigned to Lacertilia by Hitchcock (1848); and to Batrachia by Hitchcock (1898).
Sustenodactylus was named by Lull (1904). It is considered to be a form taxon. Its type is Stenodactylus curvatus.

It was synonymized subjectively with Batrachopus by Olsen and Padian (1986).

It was assigned to Reptilia by Lull (1904), Lull (1917); to Amphibia by Kuhn (1958); and to Lacertoidea by Haubold (1974).
Stenodactylus was named by Hitchcock (1858). It is considered to be a form taxon. Its type is Stenodactylus curvatus.

It was replaced with Sustenodactylus by Lull (1904), Hay (1930), Kuhn (1958).
Arachichnus was named by Hitchcock (1858). It is considered to be a form taxon. Its type is Arachichnus dehiscens.

It was synonymized subjectively with Batrachopus by Olsen and Padian (1986).

It was assigned to Lacertilia by Hitchcock (1858); to Reptilia by Lull (1904), Lull (1917); to Amphibia by Kuhn (1958); and to Lacertoidea by Haubold (1974).
Anisichnus was named by Hitchcock (1871). It is considered to be a form taxon.

It was synonymized subjectively with Batrachopus by Hay (1902), Lull (1915), Hay (1930), Kuhn (1958), Haubold (1969), Haubold (1971), Olsen and Padian (1986).
Cheirotheroides was named by Hitchcock (1858). It is considered to be a form taxon.

It was synonymized subjectively with Batrachopus by Olsen and Padian (1986).

It was assigned to Batrachia by Hitchcock (1898); to Aetosauria by Lull (1915), Lull (1917); to Batrachopodidae by Haubold (1969); to Batrachopodidae by Haubold (1971); and to Protosuchia by Haubold (1974).
Suchopus was named by Ellenberger (1974). It is considered to be a form taxon.

It was synonymized subjectively with Batrachopus by Olsen and Galton (1984).

It was assigned to Crocodilia by Ellenberger (1974).
Shepardia was named by Hitchcock (1858). It is considered to be a form taxon.

It was synonymized subjectively with Batrachopus by Olsen and Padian (1986), Rainforth (2007).

It was assigned to Batrachia by Hitchcock (1898); to Reptilia by Lull (1904), Lull (1917); to Batrachopodidae by Haubold (1969); to Batrachopodidae by Haubold (1971); and to Protosuchia by Haubold (1974).
Anisopus was named by Hitchcock (1848). It is considered to be a form taxon.

It was replaced with Anisichnus by Hay (1902); it was reranked as Batrachopus (Anisopus) by Haubold (1971); it was synonymized subjectively with Batrachopus by Lull (1915), Kuhn (1958), Haubold (1969), Olsen and Padian (1986).

It was assigned to Batrachia by Hitchcock (1848); and to Batrachopus by Haubold (1971).
Parabatrachopus was named by Lull (1942).

It was synonymized subjectively with Batrachopus by Haubold (1971), Olsen and Padian (1986).
Orthodactylus was named by Hitchcock (1858). It is considered to be a form taxon. Its type is Orthodactylus floriferus.

It was synonymized subjectively with Batrachopus by Olsen and Padian (1986).

It was assigned to Reptilia by Lull (1904), Lull (1917), Bock (1952); to Amphibia by Kuhn (1958); and to Gwyneddichnidae by Haubold (1974).
Batrachoidichnites was named by Hitchcock (1844).

It was synonymized subjectively with Batrachopus by Hay (1930).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1844	Batrachoidichnites Hitchcock p. 308
1845	Palamopus Hitchcock p. 24
1845	Batrachopus Hitchcock p. 25
1848	Anisopus Hitchcock p. 220
1848	Macropterna Hitchcock p. 233
1857	Chelonoides Agassiz
1858	Shepardia Hitchcock
1858	Orthodactylus Hitchcock p. 113
1858	Arachichnus Hitchcock p. 115
1858	Stenodactylus Hitchcock p. 116
1858	Arachichnus Hitchcock p. 117
1858	Cheirotheroides Hitchcock p. 130
1858	Exocampe Hitchcock p. 142
1859	Batrachopus Owen p. 132
1861	Batrachopus Owen p. 191
1865	Comptichnus Hitchcock p. 9
1871	Anisichnus Hitchcock
1878	Chelonoides Portis p. 18
1898	Cheirotheroides Hitchcock p. 402
1898	Exocampe Hitchcock p. 402
1898	Macropterna Hitchcock p. 402
1898	Shepardia Hitchcock p. 402
1904	Chelonoides Lull p. 529
1904	Palamopus Lull p. 532
1904	Exocampe Lull p. 534
1904	Orthodactylus Lull p. 535
1904	Sustenodactylus Lull p. 537
1904	Arachichnus Lull p. 538
1904	Comptichnus Lull p. 538
1904	Shepardia Lull p. 538
1915	Batrachopus Lull p. 174
1915	Cheirotheroides Lull p. 179
1917	Batrachopus Lull p. 113
1917	Cheirotheroides Lull p. 114
1917	Chelonoides Lull p. 123
1917	Exocampe Lull p. 124
1917	Palamopus Lull p. 124
1917	Orthodactylus Lull p. 125
1917	Shepardia Lull p. 125
1917	Sustenodactylus Lull p. 125
1917	Arachichnus Lull p. 126
1917	Comptichnus Lull p. 126
1927	Batrachopus Hitchcock and Grier p. 186
1942	Parabatrachopus Lull p. 422 figs. Pl. 1:1-2
1952	Orthodactylus Bock p. 421
1953	Batrachopus Lull p. 235
1957	Geochelone (Chelonoides) Loveridge and Williams
1958	Arachichnus Kuhn p. 17
1958	Orthodactylus Kuhn p. 17
1958	Sustenodactylus Kuhn p. 17
1958	Exocampe Kuhn p. 18
1958	Palamopus Kuhn p. 18
1958	Batrachopus Kuhn p. 21
1958	Comptichnus Kuhn p. 21
1963	Batrachopus Kuhn p. 66
1967	Batrachopus Lapparent and Montenat p. 33
1969	Batrachopus Haubold p. 97
1969	Cheirotheroides Haubold p. 97
1969	Comptichnus Haubold p. 97
1969	Shepardia Haubold p. 97
1970	Nanopodiscus Ellenberger p. 348
1971	Geochelone (Chelonoides) Auffenberg p. 106
1971	Batrachopus Haubold p. 60
1971	Batrachopus (Anisopus) Haubold p. 61
1971	Cheirotheroides Haubold p. 61
1971	Shepardia Haubold p. 63
1972	Batrachopus Demathieu and Haubold p. 805
1972	Comptichnus Ellenberger p. 152
1974	Suchopus Ellenberger p. 114
1974	Arachichnus Haubold p. 36
1974	Exocampe Haubold p. 36
1974	Orthodactylus Haubold p. 36
1974	Palamopus Haubold p. 36
1974	Sustenodactylus Haubold p. 38
1974	Batrachopus Haubold p. 40
1974	Cheirotheroides Haubold p. 40
1974	Shepardia Haubold p. 40
1984	Batrachopus Olsen and Galton p. 99
1995	Batrachopus Olsen p. 176
2003	Batrachopus Rainforth p. 827
2006	Batrachopus Lucas et al. p. 113

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
—	Eugnathostomata
—	Teleostomi	(Bonaparte 1836)
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967
—	Cotylosauria	()

Rank	Name	Author
—	Amniota
—	Sauropsida
class	Reptilia
subclass	Eureptilia	()
—	Romeriida
—	Diapsida	()
—	Archosauromorpha	(Huene 1946)
—	Crocopoda
—	Archosauriformes	Gauthier 1986
—	Eucrocopoda
—	Archosauria	()
—	Pseudosuchia	(Zittel 1890)
—	Suchia	Krebs 1974
—	Aetosauria	(Lydekker 1889)
family	Batrachopodidae
genus	Batrachopus

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. †Batrachopus Hitchcock 1845

show all | hide all

†Batrachopus argentinus Lull 1942

†Batrachopus bakoenaorum Ellenberger 1974

†Batrachopus bellus Hitchcock 1858

Invalid names: Comptichnus obesus Hitchcock 1865 [synonym]

†Batrachopus deweyi Hitchcock 1843

Invalid names: Antipus flexiloquus Hitchcock 1858 [synonym], Arachichnus dehiscens Hitchcock 1858 [synonym], Batrachopus gilberti Lapparent and Montenat 1967 [synonym], Batrachopus parvulus Hitchcock 1837 [synonym], Cheirotheroides pilulatus Hitchcock 1858 [synonym], Chelonoides incedens Hitchcock 1858 [synonym], Exocampe arcta Hitchcock 1858 [synonym], Exocampe minima Hitchcock 1862 [synonym], Exocampe ornata Hitchcock 1858 [synonym], Orthodactylus floriferus Hitchcock 1858 [synonym], Orthodactylus introvergens Hitchcock 1858 [synonym], Orthodactylus linearis Hitchcock 1858 [synonym], Palamopus gracilipes Hitchcock 1858 [synonym], Palamopus palmatus Hitchcock 1845 [synonym], Palamopus rogersi Hitchcock 1843 [synonym], Sustenodactylus curvatus Hitchcock 1858 [synonym]

†Batrachopus dispar Lull 1904

†Batrachopus gainensis Kim et al. 2012

†Batrachopus gracilis Hitchcock 1845

Invalid names: Batrachopus gracilior Hitchcock 1862 [synonym], Shepardia palmipes Hitchcock 1858 [synonym]

†Batrachopus grandis Kim et al. 2020

†Batrachopus pilosus Ellenberger 1970

†Batrachopus rugosus Ellenberger 1970

†Batrachopus supersaltator Ellenberger 1970

†Batrachopus tenuis Ellenberger 1970

†Batrachopus varians Demathieu 1970

Invalid names: Anisichnus Hitchcock 1871 [synonym], Anisopus Hitchcock 1848 [synonym], Arachichnus Hitchcock 1858 [synonym], Batrachoidichnites Hitchcock 1844 [synonym], Cheirotheroides Hitchcock 1858 [synonym], Chelonoides Agassiz 1857 [synonym], Comptichnus Hitchcock 1865 [synonym], Exocampe Hitchcock 1858 [synonym], Macropterna Hitchcock 1848 [synonym], Nanopodiscus Ellenberger 1970 [synonym], Orthodactylus Hitchcock 1858 [synonym], Palamopus Hitchcock 1845 [synonym], Parabatrachopus Lull 1942 [synonym], Shepardia Hitchcock 1858 [synonym], Suchopus Ellenberger 1974 [synonym], Sustenodactylus Lull 1904 [synonym]

Diagnosis

Reference	Diagnosis
E. Hitchcock 1848 (Anisopus)	Quadrupedal; hind feet nearly twice as long as the fore ones, and considerably wider. Both hind and fore feet four-toed. In walking, the hind foot was brought up nearly into the place of the fore one. Tracks but a little to the right and left of the line of direction. Foot pachydactylous.
E. Hitchcock 1848 (Macropterna)	Hind feet four-toed; fore feet three to four-toed. Heel long, especially upon the hind feet. Fore feet usually digitigrade, and much smaller than the hind ones. Hind feet usually plantigrade.
E. Hitchcock 1858 (Arachichnus)	Four or five-toed, the toes radiating in all directions, especially on the hind feet. Lines also diverge from the track longer than the toes, in two and sometimes three directions, which are acuminate like the toes, but evidently not toes.
R. S. Lull 1904 (Sustenodactylus)	Quadrupedal, digitigrade; pentadactyl manus and pes. Digits extremely slender and tapering, without claws or pads. Pes about twice the size of the manus.

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

phosphaticsubp

Environment:

terrestrialsubc

Locomotion:

actively mobilep

Diet:

herbivoresubo

Created:

2009-01-03 20:38:33

Modified:

2009-01-03 22:38:33

Source: subo = suborder, subc = subclass, subp = subphylum, p = phylum

References: Benton 1983, Kiessling 2004, Carroll 1988

Age range: base of the Anisian to the top of the Aptian or 246.70000 to 113.20000 Ma

Collections (60 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Anisian	246.7 - 241.464	Netherlands (Gelderland)	Sustenodactylus hollandicus (96875)
Anisian - Ladinian	246.7 - 237.0	France (Rhône-Alpes)	B. sp. (199929)
Anisian - Ladinian	246.7 - 237.0	France (Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes)	B. varians (31310)
Late/Upper Triassic	237.0 - 201.4	USA (New Jersey)	Anisichnus gracilis (91694)
Norian	227.3 - 205.7	USA (Pennsylvania)	Anisichnus gracilis (55413) B. sp. (84111)
Norian	227.3 - 205.7	USA (New Jersey)	B. sp. (187287)
Norian - Rhaetian	227.3 - 201.4	USA (New Jersey)	B. sp. (187321)
Norian - Rhaetian	227.3 - 201.4	USA (Pennsylvania)	Orthodactylus howelli (68705)
Norian - Rhaetian	227.3 - 201.4	Lesotho (Mohale's Hoek)	Comptichnus sp. (56020)
Rhaetian	205.7 - 201.4	USA (Pennsylvania)	B. sp. (62768)
Rhaetian	205.7 - 201.4	USA (New Jersey)	B. deweyi, B. bellus (194093)
Rhaetian	205.7 - 201.4	France (Pays de la Loire)	Pseudosuchia indet. (70801)
Rhaetian - Hettangian	205.7 - 199.5	USA (Utah)	B. sp. (57065 223706)
Rhaetian - Hettangian	205.7 - 199.5	USA (Arizona)	B. deweyi (137291)
Early/Lower Hettangian	201.4 - 199.5	Canada (Nova Scotia)	B. sp. (138976 138978 227835) B. spp. (138977)
Early/Lower Hettangian	201.4 - 199.5	USA (Connecticut)	B. sp. (192863)
Hettangian	201.4 - 199.5	France (Region Midi-Pyrenees)	B. deweyi (31306)
Hettangian	201.4 - 199.5	USA (Colorado)	B. sp. (193011)
Hettangian	201.4 - 199.5	France (Pays de la Loire)	Pseudosuchia indet. (70802)
Hettangian	201.4 - 199.5	USA (Connecticut)	B. deweyi (51257) B. dispar (55741) Shepardia palmipes (51256)
Hettangian	201.4 - 199.5	USA (Utah)	B. sp. (121305 121321) B. sp., B. sp. (56131)
Hettangian	201.4 - 199.5	USA (Massachusetts)	Apatichnus bellus (53030) Shepardia palmipes, Anisopus sp., Anisopus gracilis, Anisopus gracilior, Anisopus deweyanus, Antipus flexiloquus, Comptichnus obesus, Exocampe sp., Chelonoides incedens, Macropterna sp., Macropterna divaricans, Macropterna gracilipes, Macropterna vulgaris, Exocampe arcta, Exocampe ornata, Orthodactylus floriferus, Orthodactylus introvergens, Arachichnus sp., Apatichnus bellus, B. dispar (52986)
Middle Hettangian	201.4 - 199.5	France (Occitanie)	B. sp. (190122)
Hettangian - Sinemurian	201.4 - 192.9	USA (Connecticut)	Anisopus barrattii, Anisopus gracilis, Anisopus deweyanus (53033) Comptichnus sp., Exocampe ornata (53000) Macropterna divaricans, Macropterna rhynchosauroidea, Macropterna vulgaris, Exocampe ornata, Arachichnus dehiscens, Palamopus rogersi (53023)
Hettangian - Sinemurian	201.4 - 192.9	Lesotho (Quthing)	Nanopodiscus tenuis, Plateotetrapodiscus rugosus (84064) Suchopus bakoenaorum (84072)
Hettangian - Sinemurian	201.4 - 192.9	USA (Massachusetts)	Anisopus deweyanus (52994) Anisopus gracilis, Macropterna divaricans, Macropterna rhynchosauroidea, Macropterna vulgaris, Sauroidichnites palmatus, Ornithoidichnites rogersi (52985) Anisopus gracilis, Orthodactylus sp., Anisopus deweyanus, Orthodactylus linearis, Stenodactylus curvatus, Arachichnus dehiscens, Apatichnus bellus, Exocampe minima (52987) Anisopus sp., Anisopus gracilis, Orthodactylus sp., Exocampe ornata (52998) B. deweyi, Anisopus sp. (52999) B. deweyi, Macropterna vulgaris (52995) Shepardia palmipes, Sauroidichnites deweyi, Anisopus gracilis, Macropterna vuigaris, Macropterna divaricans, Palamopus gracilipes, Macropterna vulgaris, Exocampe arcta, Exocampe ornata, Palamopus palmatus, Palamopus rogersi (52996)
Hettangian - Sinemurian	201.4 - 192.9	Romania (Caraș-Severin)	B. deweyi (238761)
Early/Lower Jurassic	201.4 - 174.7	China (Nei Mongol)	B. sp. (107973)
Jurassic	201.4 - 143.1	Colombia (Santander)	B. sp. (55322)
Sinemurian	199.5 - 192.9	France (Pays de la Loire)	B. gilberti (200113)
Sinemurian - Pliensbachian	199.5 - 184.2	USA (Utah)	B. sp. (223699)
Pliensbachian	192.9 - 184.2	USA (Utah)	B. sp. (229818)
Pliensbachian	192.9 - 184.2	Lesotho (Leribe)	Theromorpha indet. (56001)
Pliensbachian - Toarcian	192.9 - 174.7	USA (Idaho)	B. sp. (195189)
Pliensbachian - Toarcian	192.9 - 174.7	USA (Utah)	B. sp. (201625)
Neocomian	143.1 - 125.77	Argentina (San Luis)	Parabatrachopus argentina (55479)
Aptian	121.4 - 113.2	South Korea (Gyeongsangnam-do)	B. grandis (220038 220039 220040)
Aptian - Albian	121.4 - 100.5	South Korea (Gyeongsangnam-do)	Haenamichnus gainensis (59177 220049)