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Pliophoca etrusca
Taxonomy
Pliophoca etrusca was named by Tavani (1941) [No type specimen number is listed by Tavani (1941). Holotype is the major part of an associated skeleton, Museo di Geologia di Pisa, Italy (Koretsky & Ray, 2008).
]. It is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Casa Nuova, which is in a Piacenzian coastal claystone in the Argille Azzurre Formation of Italy.
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1941 | Pliophoca etrusca Tavani p. 112 figs. Fig. 1, 2, 10, 13, 18, 22 |
| 1972 | Pliophoca etrusca Hendey p. 100 |
| 2000 | Pliophoca etrusca Mendez et al. p. 24 |
| 2001 | Pliophoca etrusca Koretsky p. 86 |
| 2003 | Pliophoca etrusca Deméré et al. p. 49 figs. Fig. 3.3 |
| 2008 | Pliophoca etrusca Koretsky and Barnes p. 550 |
| 2008 | Pliophoca etrusca Koretsky and Ray p. 103 |
| 2010 | Pliophoca etrusca Werdelin and Peigne p. 649 |
| 2015 | Pliophoca etrusca Berta et al. p. 3 |
| 2018 | Pliophoca etrusca Berta et al. p. 210 figs. Fig. 4 |
| 2018 | Pliophoca etrusca Dewaele et al. p. 15 |
| 2019 | Pliophoca etrusca Kienle and Berta |
| 2022 | Pliophoca etrusca Berta et al. p. 8 figs. Table 1 |
| 2024 | Pliophoca etrusca Rule and Park p. 10 figs. Table 2 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
†Pliophoca etrusca Tavani 1941
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Diagnosis
| Reference | Diagnosis | |
|---|---|---|
| A. Berta et al. 2015 | Pliophoca is distinguished from Mona- chus by medial tuberosity on premaxillary reduced or absent, lat- eral extension on premaxillary present, upper incisors transversely compressed, femur epiphyses in which the distal epiphysis is wider than the proximal epiphysis, greater trochanter of femur higher than the head, and calcaneum slightly longer than the astragalus. Pliophoca is distinguished from stem mona- chines (i.e., Acrophoca, ‘Callophoca,’ Piscophoca, Homiphoca, and Leptophoca) by the following derived characters: supinator ridge on humerus absent or poorly developed and metacarpal I longer than metacarpal II. Pliophoca is distinguished from Mir- ounga and lobodontines in retention of the following primitive characters: medial tuberosity on the premaxillary reduced or absent, mastoid lip does not cover the external cochlear foramen, procumbent upper incisors absent, and intercondylar region of femur narrow and deep.
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| L. Dewaele et al. 2018 | We retain the holotype specimen, described by Tavani [15], and redescribed by Berta et al. [12] as the sole unquestionable specimen of Pliophoca etrusca. We only emend the part of the humerus in the diagnosis presented by Berta et al. [12] and exclude Leptophoca True, 1906 from the list of stem monachines, following recent recent phylogenetic analysis of the taxon by Dewaele et al. [11,13]: Pliophoca is distinguished from Monachus by medial tuberosity on premaxillary reduced or absent, lateral extension on premaxillary present, upper incisors transversely compressed, femur epiphyses in which the distal epiphysis is wider than the proximal epiphysis, greater trochanter of femur higher than the head, and calcaneum slightly longer than the astragalus. Pliophoca is distinguished from stem monachines (i.e. Acrophoca, ‘Callophoca’, Homiphoca and Piscophoca) by the following derived characters: humeral head strongly overhanging the humeral neck, supinator ridge on humerus absent or poorly developed and metacarpal I longer than metacarpal II. Pliophoca is distinguished from Mirounga and lobodontines in retention of the following primitive characters: medial tuberosity on the premaxillary reduced or absent, mastoid lip does not cover the external cochlear foramen, procumbent upper incisors absent and intercondylar region of femur narrow and deep. |
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: f = family, c = class, uc = unranked clade | |||||
| References: Hendy et al. 2009, Gingerich 2003, Carreño and Cronin 1993, Nowak 1991 | |||||
Age range: base of the Zanclean to the top of the Piacenzian or 5.33300 to 2.58000 Ma
Collections (8 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Zanclean | Italy (Tuscany) | Pliophoca etrusca (96777) | |
| Zanclean | Spain | Pliophoca etrusca (165803) | |
| Zanclean | Spain (Tarragona) | Pliophoca etrusca (165802) | |
| Zanclean | France | Phoca occitana (56693) | |
| Pliocene | Italy | Pliophoca etrusca (96779) | |
| Late/Upper Pliocene | Egypt | Pristiphoca occitana (22592) | |
| Piacenzian | Italy | Pliophoca etrusca (type locality: 96765 190379) |