PBDB Taxon

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Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Pycnodonte (Phygraea)

Bivalvia - Ostreida - Gryphaeidae

Taxonomy

Phygraea was named by Vyalov (1936) [Sepkoski's age data: K Apti T Mi]. It is not extant.

It was reranked as Pycnodonte (Phygraea) by Vyalov (1936), Gliozzi and Malatesta (1983), Squires and Demetrion (1990), Squires and Demetrion (1992), Casadio (1998), Squires (1999), Kiessling (2003), Brezina et al. (2014), Brezina et al. (2017), Mendir et al. (2021).

It was assigned to Pterioida by Sepkoski (2002); to Pycnodontini by Squires (2018); and to Pycnodonte by Vyalov (1936), Gliozzi and Malatesta (1983), Squires and Demetrion (1990), Squires and Demetrion (1992), Casadio (1998), Squires (1999), Kiessling (2003), Brezina et al. (2014), Brezina et al. (2017), Mendir et al. (2021).

Subtaxa

Phygraea badgeri, Phygraea haleyi, Phygraea lincolnensis, Phygraea newberryi, Phygraea pacifica, Phygraea stewarti, Pycnodonte (Phygraea) burckhardti, Pycnodonte (Phygraea) proteus (syn. Ostrea operculata), Pycnodonte (Phygraea) pseudovesicularis, Pycnodonte (Phygraea) sarmientoi, Pycnodonte (Phygraea) vesicularis (syn. Ostrea hippopodium, Gryphaea proboscidea, Pycnodonta radiata), Pycnodonte (Phygraea) wratheri

Species lacking formal opinion data

Pycnodonte aucella, Pycnodonte aucella, Pycnodonte belli, Pycnodonte frauscheri, Pycnodonte gambaensis, Pycnodonte houzeaui, Pycnodonte kansasense, Pycnodonte kellumi, Pycnodonte mackayi, Pycnodonte navaniaensis, Pycnodonte tarda

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1936	Phygraea Vyalov p. 19
1936	Pycnodonte (Phygraea) Vyalov p. 19
1983	Pycnodonte (Phygraea) Gliozzi and Malatesta p. 89
1990	Pycnodonte (Phygraea) Squires and Demetrion p. 386
1992	Pycnodonte (Phygraea) Squires and Demetrion p. 39
1998	Pycnodonte (Phygraea) Casadio
1999	Pycnodonte (Phygraea) Squires p. 24
2002	Phygraea Sepkoski
2003	Pycnodonte (Phygraea) Kiessling
2014	Pycnodonte (Phygraea) Brezina et al.
2017	Pycnodonte (Phygraea) Brezina et al. p. 113
2018	Phygraea Squires p. 16
2021	Pycnodonte (Phygraea) Mendir et al. p. 12

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Protostomia
—	Spiralia
superphylum	Lophotrochozoa
phylum	Mollusca
class	Bivalvia
—	Eubivalvia
subclass	Autobranchia	(Groblen 1894)
infraclass	Pteriomorphia	(Beurlen 1944)

Rank	Name	Author
—	Ostreomorphi	Ferussac 1822
—	Ostreioni	Ferussac 1822
—	Ostreata	Ferussac 1822
superorder	Ostreiformii	Ferussac 1822
order	Ostreida	(Fërussac 1822)
suborder	Ostreidina	(Ferussac 1822)
superfamily	Ostreoidea	(Rafinesque 1815)
family	Gryphaeidae	Vialov 1936
subfamily	Pycnodonteinae	Stenzel 1959
genus	Pycnodonte	(Fischer von Waldheim 1835)
subgenus	Phygraea	(Vyalov 1936)

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Subg. †Pycnodonte (Phygraea) Vyalov 1936

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†Phygraea badgeri Squires 2018

†Phygraea haleyi Hertlein 1933

†Phygraea lincolnensis Weaver 1916

†Phygraea newberryi Stanton 1894

†Phygraea pacifica Squires and Demetrion 1990

†Phygraea stewarti Hanna 1927

†Pycnodonte (Phygraea) burckhardti Bohm 1903

†Pycnodonte (Phygraea) proteus Reuss 1848

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Invalid names: Ostrea operculata Reuss 1846 [synonym]

†Pycnodonte (Phygraea) pseudovesicularis Gümbel 1861

†Pycnodonte (Phygraea) sarmientoi Casadio 1998

†Pycnodonte (Phygraea) vesicularis Lamarck 1806

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†Gryphaea vesiculosa turkestanica Bobkova 1960

†Pycnodonte (Phygraea) vesicularis vesiculosa Sowerby 1822

Invalid names: Ostrea vesiculosa Sowerby 1822 [synonym]

Invalid names: Gryphaea proboscidea Archiac 1903 [synonym], Ostrea hippopodium Nilsson 1827 [synonym], Pycnodonta radiata Fischer de Waldheim 1835 [synonym]

†Pycnodonte (Phygraea) wratheri Stephenson 1936

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Measurements

part	N	mean	minimum	maximum	median	s.d.
valve height	4	24.5	18.0	37.0	23.5	8.58

Composition:

low Mg calcitef

Environment:

marine, brackisho

Locomotion:

stationaryg

Attached:

yesg

Life habit:

epifaunalg

Diet:

suspension feederg

Vision:

blindc

Created:

2009-08-18 17:10:00

Modified:

2009-08-18 19:10:00

Source: g = genus, f = family, o = order, c = class

References: Aberhan et al. 2004, Steuber 2002, Hendy et al. 2009, Kiessling 2004

Age range: base of the Late/Upper Albian to the top of the Early/Lower Oligocene or 106.30000 to 27.30000 Ma

Collections (252 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Albian	113.2 - 100.5	Switzerland	Ostrea vesiculosa (2237)
Albian	113.2 - 100.5	Morocco	Pycnodonte vesiculosa (185608)
Albian	113.2 - 100.5	India	Pycnodonte vesiculosa (228377)
Albian	113.2 - 100.5	United Kingdom (England)	Ostrea vesiculosa (1865)
Albian - Early/Lower Cenomanian	113.2 - 93.9	United Kingdom (England)	Ostrea vesiculosa (198091)
Late/Upper Albian	106.3 - 100.5	Sweden (Halland)	Ostrea hippopodium (38722)
Late/Upper Albian	106.3 - 100.5	Angola	Ostrea vesiculosa (210851)
Cenomanian	100.5 - 93.9	Afghanistan (Takhar)	Pycnodonte vesiculosa (78086)
Cenomanian	100.5 - 93.9	Germany	Pycnodonte vesiculare (66779)
Cenomanian	100.5 - 93.9	Tunisia (Sidi Bou Zid)	Pycnodonte vesiculosa (108971)
Cenomanian	100.5 - 93.9	Jordan	Pycnodonte vesiculosum (140949)
Cenomanian	100.5 - 93.9	Italy	Pycnodonte vesiculosa (185661)
Cenomanian	100.5 - 93.9	India	Pycnodonte vesiculosa (228378)
Early/Lower Cenomanian	100.5 - 93.9	India	Pycnodonte vesiculosa (228245)
Late/Upper Cenomanian	100.5 - 93.9	Algeria	Pycnodonte vesicularis (220827)
Late/Upper Cenomanian	100.5 - 93.9	Egypt	Pycnodonte vesicularis (114813) Pycnodonte vesiculosum (185811)
Late/Upper Cenomanian	100.5 - 93.9	Libya	Pycnodonte vesiculosum (208630 208632 208634 208635 208636)
Late/Upper Cenomanian	100.5 - 93.9	Brazil	Pycnodonte vesiculosa (141007 141015 141019 141020 141022)
Late/Upper Cenomanian	100.5 - 93.9	Portugal (Região do Centro)	Pycnodonte vesiculare (224527)
Late/Upper Cenomanian	100.5 - 93.9	Czech Republic	Ostrea operculata (90511 90512 90513)
Late/Upper Cenomanian	100.5 - 93.9	USA (Utah)	Gryphaea newberryi (175427 175428)
Middle Cenomanian	100.5 - 93.9	Brazil	Pycnodonte vesiculosa (141011 141018)
Middle Cenomanian	100.5 - 93.9	India	Pycnodonte vesiculosa (228244 228246)
Cenomanian - Turonian	100.5 - 89.8	Afghanistan (Baghlan)	Pycnodonte vesiculosa (78089)
Cenomanian - Turonian	100.5 - 89.8	India (Gujarat)	Pycnodonte navaniaensis (46396)
Cenomanian - Coniacian	100.5 - 85.7	China (Xizang)	Pycnodonte gambaensis (64260)
Late/Upper Cretaceous	100.5 - 66.0	Angola	Ostrea vesiculosa (210893)
Early/Lower Turonian	93.9 - 89.8	Portugal (Região do Centro)	Pycnodonte vesiculare (224528)
Early/Lower Turonian	93.9 - 89.8	Czech Republic	Ostrea operculata (90514 90516) Pycnodonte vesiculare (90517 90518)
Early/Lower Turonian	93.9 - 89.8	Afghanistan	Gryphaea vesiculosa (186339)
Early/Lower Turonian	93.9 - 89.8	Egypt	Pycnodonte vesicularis (114815 114817)
Late/Upper Turonian	93.9 - 89.8	Brazil (Sergipe)	Pycnodonte vesiculosa (143567 143654 143671 143686 143706)
Middle Turonian	93.9 - 89.8	Brazil (Sergipe)	Pycnodonte vesiculosa (143173 143174 143175)
Turonian	93.9 - 89.8	France	Pycnodonte vesiculare (3742)
Middle Turonian - Early/Lower Campanian	93.9 - 72.2	USA (Utah)	Gryphaea newberryi (100218)
Coniacian - Santonian	89.8 - 83.6	Belgium (Namur)	Pycnodonte vesicularis, Pycnodonte proteus (51518)
Coniacian - Santonian	89.8 - 83.6	Egypt	Pycnodonte vesicularis (114825)
Late/Upper Coniacian - Early/Lower Santonian	89.8 - 83.6	Austria	Pycnodonte aucella (173322)
Early/Lower Santonian - Late/Upper Santonian	85.7 - 83.6	Egypt	Pycnodonte vesicularis (114806)
Late/Upper Santonian	85.7 - 83.6	Austria	Pycnodonte vesiculare (114268)
Middle Santonian	85.7 - 83.6	Angola	Phygraea newberryi (210903)
Santonian	85.7 - 83.6	Germany	Gryphaea vesicularis (74484)
Santonian	85.7 - 83.6	USA (Alabama)	Gryphaea wratheri (5186 5188)
Santonian	85.7 - 83.6	United Kingdom	Pycnodonte vesiculare (90763)
Santonian	85.7 - 83.6	Afghanistan	Gryphaea vesicularis (186343)
Santonian	85.7 - 83.6	France	Pycnodonte vesiculare (3746)
Santonian - Campanian	85.7 - 72.2	Italy	Pycnodonte vesicularis (74801)
Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	Afghanistan	Gryphaea vesicularis (186344)
Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	Egypt	Pycnodonte vesicularis (114909)
Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	France	Pycnodonte vesiculare (3747)
Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	USA (North Carolina)	Gryphaea vesicularis (190554)
Early/Lower Campanian - Middle Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	USA (Mississippi)	Gryphaea vesicularis (32141 32142)
Late/Upper Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	Oman	Pycnodonte vesiculare (67455)
Late/Upper Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	USA (Tennessee)	Gryphaea vesicularis (88357)
Late/Upper Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	Poland	Pycnodonte vesiculare (28084 28086 28087)
Late/Upper Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	USA (Alabama)	Gryphaea vesicularis (239642)
Late/Upper Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	Egypt	Pycnodonte vesiculare (185812 185816) Pycnodonte vesicularis (114863)
Middle Campanian - Late/Upper Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	USA (New Jersey)	Gryphaea vesicularis (3868 3869)
Middle Campanian - Late/Upper Campanian	83.6 - 72.2	USA (Tennessee)	Gryphaea vesicularis (239481)
Late/Upper Campanian - Maastrichtian	83.6 - 66.0	United Arab Emirates	Pycnodonte vesiculare (67456)
Early/Lower Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	Egypt	Pycnodonte vesiculare (185814 185815)
Early/Lower Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	Antarctica	Pycnodonte vesiculosa (83550 83551)
Early/Lower Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	USA (Alabama)	Gryphaea vesicularis (239639 239640 239644 239747)
Early/Lower Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	USA (Tennessee)	Gryphaea vesicularis (239479 239480)
Early/Lower Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	Antarctica (Seymour Island)	Pycnodonte vesiculosa (3158)
Early/Lower Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	Austria (Lower Austria)	Pycnodonte vesicularis (226428)
Early/Lower Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	Germany	Gryphaea vesicularis (213668)
Early/Lower Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	USA (Arkansas)	Gryphaea vesicularis (90500)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	USA (North Carolina)	Gryphaea vesicularis (83302 190582)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	Poland	Pycnodonte vesiculare (27818 27819 27822 28078 28080 28445)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	Antarctica (Seymour Island)	Pycnodonte vesiculosa (3166 3169)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	USA (Alabama)	Gryphaea vesicularis (4184 4190 4191 4193 4203 4205 4206)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	Argentina (Neuquén)	Pycnodonte vesicularis (73944 73945 73946 73949 73950 73951 73952 73953 73954 73955 73956 73957 73997 220770)
Late/Upper Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	Afghanistan	Gryphaea vesicularis (186346)
Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	Antarctica (Seymour Island)	Pycnodonte vesiculosa (63513)
Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	Denmark	Pycnodonte vesiculare (35039)
Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	Argentina (Neuquén)	Pycnodonte vesicularis (73943)
Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	USA (Texas)	Pycnodonte mutabilis (205522)
Maastrichtian	72.2 - 66.0	USA (Alabama)	Gryphaea vesicularis (239638 239748)
Danian	66.0 - 61.66	Denmark	Gryphaea vesicularis (89866) Pycnodonte vesiculare (35040)
Danian	66.0 - 61.66	Austria (Niederösterreich)	Ostrea hippopodium (87002)
Danian	66.0 - 61.66	France	Phygraea vesicularis (20816)
Danian	66.0 - 61.66	Argentina (La Pampa)	Pycnodonte burckhardti, Pycnodonte sarmientoi (5160) Pycnodonte sarmientoi (220764 220765)
Danian	66.0 - 61.66	Argentina (Río Negro)	Pycnodonte burckhardti, Pycnodonte sarmientoi (220768)
Danian	66.0 - 61.66	USA (California)	Phygraea haleyi (221983)
Danian	66.0 - 61.66	Argentina (Neuquén)	Pycnodonte burckhardti (73886 73888 73889 73902 73905 73909 73910 73911 73912 73913 73914 73915 73916 73917 73918 73919 73920 73921 73922 73924 73925 73926 73935 73936 73937 73938 73939 73940 73941 73942 73969 73971 73972 73973 73974 73976 73977 73978 73979 73980 73981 73982 73983 73984 73985 73986 73987 73988 73990 73991 73992 73993 73995 74004 74005 74006 74007 74008 74041 74042 74046 74048 74049) Pycnodonte sarmientoi (220769)
Danian	66.0 - 61.66	Argentina (Mendoza)	Pycnodonte burckhardti (236249)
Paleocene	66.0 - 56.0	Austria (Salzburg)	Pycnodonte pseudovesicularis (84335)
Late/Upper Paleocene	59.24 - 56.0	China (Xinjiang)	Pycnodonte nomada (77836 77837)
Ypresian	56.0 - 48.07	Mexico (Baja California)	Pycnodonte pacifica (5502 5506)
Ypresian	56.0 - 48.07	USA (California)	Odontogryphaea haleyi (177611) Ostrea haleyi (178750 178752 194164) Pycnodonte pacifica (51951 207322)
Ypresian	56.0 - 48.07	Mexico (Baja California Sur)	Pycnodonte pacifica (5496 5497 5507 7928)
Ypresian - Lutetian	56.0 - 41.03	Mexico (Baja California)	Pycnodonte pacifica (5498)
Lutetian	48.07 - 41.03	Mexico (Baja California)	Pycnodonte pacifica (5505)
Lutetian	48.07 - 41.03	USA (California)	Ostrea stewarti (200720 205788 214591) Phygraea stewarti (8015 173475) Pycnodonte pacifica (8012 51924)
Middle Eocene - Late/Upper Eocene	48.07 - 33.9	USA (California)	Ostrea stewarti (37928 37932) Phygraea badgeri (202086)
Bartonian - Priabonian	41.03 - 33.9	Canada (British Columbia)	Ostrea lincolnensis (209754)
Early/Lower Oligocene	33.9 - 27.3	USA (California)	Ostrea lincolnensis (71184 71190 71192 71193 71200)
Early/Lower Oligocene - Late/Upper Oligocene	33.9 - 23.04	USA (Alaska)	Ostrea lincolnensis (44112)
Oligocene	33.9 - 23.04	USA (Washington)	Ostrea lincolnensis (208138)