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Pycnodonte (Phygraea)

Bivalvia - Ostreida - Gryphaeidae

Taxonomy
Phygraea was named by Vyalov (1936) [Sepkoski's age data: K Apti T Mi]. It is not extant.

It was reranked as Pycnodonte (Phygraea) by Vyalov (1936), Gliozzi and Malatesta (1983), Squires and Demetrion (1990), Squires and Demetrion (1992), Casadio (1998), Squires (1999), Kiessling (2003), Brezina et al. (2014), Brezina et al. (2017), Mendir et al. (2021).

It was assigned to Pterioida by Sepkoski (2002); to Pycnodontini by Squires (2018); and to Pycnodonte by Vyalov (1936), Gliozzi and Malatesta (1983), Squires and Demetrion (1990), Squires and Demetrion (1992), Casadio (1998), Squires (1999), Kiessling (2003), Brezina et al. (2014), Brezina et al. (2017), Mendir et al. (2021).

Subtaxa
Phygraea badgeri, Phygraea haleyi, Phygraea lincolnensis, Phygraea newberryi, Phygraea pacifica, Phygraea stewarti, Pycnodonte (Phygraea) burckhardti, Pycnodonte (Phygraea) proteus (syn. Ostrea operculata), Pycnodonte (Phygraea) pseudovesicularis, Pycnodonte (Phygraea) sarmientoi, Pycnodonte (Phygraea) vesicularis (syn. Ostrea hippopodium, Pycnodonta radiata, Gryphaea proboscidea), Pycnodonte (Phygraea) wratheri
Species lacking formal opinion data
Pycnodonte antiqua, Pycnodonte antiqua, Pycnodonte antiqua, Pycnodonte antiqua, Pycnodonte ariana, Pycnodonte aucella, Pycnodonte aucella, Pycnodonte baylei, Pycnodonte belli, Pycnodonte biauriculatum, Pycnodonte brongnarti, Pycnodonte brongniarti, Pycnodonte brongniarti, Pycnodonte bryozophila, Pycnodonte burckhardti, Pycnodonte cassis, Pycnodonte cereviciana, Pycnodonte congesta, Pycnodonte convexa, Pycnodonte convexa, Pycnodonte cymbiola, Pycnodonte dissimilaris, Pycnodonte flicki, Pycnodonte frauscheri, Pycnodonte gambaensis, Pycnodonte gigantica, Pycnodonte groeberi, Pycnodonte hippopodium, Pycnodonte houzeaui, Pycnodonte kansasense, Pycnodonte kellumi, Pycnodonte mackayi, Pycnodonte mendozana, Pycnodonte mirabile, Pycnodonte miradonensis, Pycnodonte miradonensis, Pycnodonte mutabilis, Pycnodonte mutabilis, Pycnodonte navaniaensis, Pycnodonte navia, Pycnodonte newberryi, Pycnodonte nikitini, Pycnodonte nomada, Pycnodonte paroxis, Pycnodonte praesinzovi, Pycnodonte proboscideum, Pycnodonte pyrotheriorum, Pycnodonte queteletti, Pycnodonte rarilamella, Pycnodonte regionis, Pycnodonte sanfilippoi, Pycnodonte semicoronata, Pycnodonte seymourensis, Pycnodonte seymourianus, Pycnodonte seymouriensis, Pycnodonte simile, Pycnodonte subvesiculosa, Pycnodonte tarda, Pycnodonte telugensis, Pycnodonte uncinella, Pycnodonte vericosa, Pycnodonte vesicularis

Synonymy list
YearName and author
1936Phygraea Vyalov p. 19
1936Pycnodonte (Phygraea) Vyalov p. 19
1983Pycnodonte (Phygraea) Gliozzi and Malatesta p. 89
1990Pycnodonte (Phygraea) Squires and Demetrion p. 386
1992Pycnodonte (Phygraea) Squires and Demetrion p. 39
1998Pycnodonte (Phygraea) Casadio
1999Pycnodonte (Phygraea) Squires p. 24
2002Phygraea Sepkoski
2003Pycnodonte (Phygraea) Kiessling
2014Pycnodonte (Phygraea) Brezina et al.
2017Pycnodonte (Phygraea) Brezina et al. p. 113
2018Phygraea Squires p. 16
2021Pycnodonte (Phygraea) Mendir et al. p. 12

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Protostomia
—Spiralia
superphylumLophotrochozoa
phylumMollusca
classBivalvia
—Eubivalvia
subclassAutobranchia(Groblen 1894)
infraclassPteriomorphia(Beurlen 1944)
RankNameAuthor
—OstreomorphiFerussac 1822
—OstreioniFerussac 1822
—OstreataFerussac 1822
superorderOstreiformiiFerussac 1822
orderOstreida(Fërussac 1822)
suborderOstreidina(Ferussac 1822)
superfamilyOstreoidea(Rafinesque 1815)
familyGryphaeidaeVialov 1936
subfamilyPycnodonteinaeStenzel 1959
genusPycnodonte(Fischer von Waldheim 1835)
subgenusPhygraea(Vyalov 1936)

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Subg. †Pycnodonte (Phygraea) Vyalov 1936
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†Phygraea badgeri Squires 2018
†Phygraea haleyi Hertlein 1933
†Phygraea lincolnensis Weaver 1916
†Phygraea newberryi Stanton 1894
†Phygraea pacifica Squires and Demetrion 1990
†Phygraea stewarti Hanna 1927
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Invalid names: Ostrea operculata Reuss 1846 [synonym]
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Invalid names: Ostrea vesiculosa Sowerby 1822 [synonym]
Invalid names: Gryphaea proboscidea Archiac 1903 [synonym], Ostrea hippopodium Nilsson 1827 [synonym], Pycnodonta radiata Fischer de Waldheim 1835 [synonym]
†Pycnodonte (Phygraea) wratheri Stephenson 1936
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
partNmeanminimummaximummedians.d.
valve height424.518.037.023.58.58

Composition: low Mg calcitef
Environment: marine, brackisho
Locomotion: stationaryg
Attached: yesg
Life habit: epifaunalg
Diet: suspension feederg
Vision: blindc
Created: 2009-08-18 17:10:00
Modified: 2009-08-18 19:10:00
Source: g = genus, f = family, o = order, c = class
References: Kiessling 2004, Steuber 2002, Hendy et al. 2009, Aberhan et al. 2004

Age range: base of the Late/Upper Albian to the top of the Chattian or 106.30000 to 23.04000 Ma

Collections (255 total)

Oldest occurrences

Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Albian113.2 - 100.5Switzerland Ostrea vesiculosa (2237)
Albian113.2 - 100.5India Pycnodonte vesiculosa (228377)
Albian113.2 - 100.5Morocco Pycnodonte vesiculosa (185608)
Albian113.2 - 100.5United Kingdom (England) Ostrea vesiculosa (1865)
Albian - Early/Lower Cenomanian113.2 - 93.9United Kingdom (England) Ostrea vesiculosa (198091)
Late/Upper Albian106.3 - 100.5Sweden (Halland) Ostrea hippopodium (38722)
Late/Upper Albian106.3 - 100.5Angola Ostrea vesiculosa (210851)
Cenomanian100.5 - 93.9India Pycnodonte vesiculosa (228378)
Cenomanian100.5 - 93.9Afghanistan (Takhar) Pycnodonte vesiculosa (78086)
Cenomanian100.5 - 93.9Germany Pycnodonte vesiculare (66779)

Youngest occurrences
Time interval Ma Country or state PBDB collection number
Ypresian - Lutetian56.0 - 41.03Mexico (Baja California) Pycnodonte pacifica (5498)
Lutetian48.07 - 41.03Mexico (Baja California) Pycnodonte pacifica (5505)
Lutetian48.07 - 41.03USA (California) Ostrea stewarti (200720 205788 214591) Phygraea stewarti (8015 173475) Pycnodonte pacifica (8012 51924)
Middle Eocene - Late/Upper Eocene48.07 - 33.9USA (California) Ostrea stewarti (37928 37932) Phygraea badgeri (202086)
Bartonian - Priabonian41.03 - 33.9Canada (British Columbia) Ostrea lincolnensis (209754)
Early/Lower Oligocene33.9 - 27.3USA (California) Ostrea lincolnensis (71184 71190 71192 71193 71200)
Rupelian33.9 - 27.3USA (Washington) Phygraea lincolnensis (205791)
Early/Lower Oligocene - Late/Upper Oligocene33.9 - 23.04USA (Alaska) Ostrea lincolnensis (44112)
Oligocene33.9 - 23.04USA (Washington) Ostrea lincolnensis (208138)
Chattian27.3 - 23.04USA (Washington) Ostraea lincolnensis (52380)