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Pycnodonte (Phygraea)
Taxonomy
Phygraea was named by Vyalov (1936) [Sepkoski's age data: K Apti T Mi]. It is not extant.
It was reranked as Pycnodonte (Phygraea) by Vyalov (1936), Gliozzi and Malatesta (1983), Squires and Demetrion (1990), Squires and Demetrion (1992), Casadio (1998), Squires (1999), Kiessling (2003), Brezina et al. (2014), Brezina et al. (2017) and Mendir et al. (2021).
It was assigned to Pterioida by Sepkoski (2002); to Pycnodontini by Squires (2018); and to Pycnodonte by Vyalov (1936), Gliozzi and Malatesta (1983), Squires and Demetrion (1990), Squires and Demetrion (1992), Casadio (1998), Squires (1999), Kiessling (2003), Brezina et al. (2014), Brezina et al. (2017) and Mendir et al. (2021).
It was reranked as Pycnodonte (Phygraea) by Vyalov (1936), Gliozzi and Malatesta (1983), Squires and Demetrion (1990), Squires and Demetrion (1992), Casadio (1998), Squires (1999), Kiessling (2003), Brezina et al. (2014), Brezina et al. (2017) and Mendir et al. (2021).
It was assigned to Pterioida by Sepkoski (2002); to Pycnodontini by Squires (2018); and to Pycnodonte by Vyalov (1936), Gliozzi and Malatesta (1983), Squires and Demetrion (1990), Squires and Demetrion (1992), Casadio (1998), Squires (1999), Kiessling (2003), Brezina et al. (2014), Brezina et al. (2017) and Mendir et al. (2021).
Subtaxa
Phygraea badgeri, Phygraea haleyi, Phygraea lincolnensis, Phygraea newberryi, Phygraea pacifica, Phygraea stewarti, Pycnodonte (Phygraea) burckhardti, Pycnodonte (Phygraea) proteus (syn. Ostrea operculata), Pycnodonte (Phygraea) pseudovesicularis, Pycnodonte (Phygraea) sarmientoi, Pycnodonte (Phygraea) vesicularis (syn. Gryphaea proboscidea, Pycnodonta radiata, Ostrea hippopodium), Pycnodonte (Phygraea) wratheri
Species lacking formal opinion data
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1936 | Phygraea Vyalov p. 19 |
| 1936 | Pycnodonte (Phygraea) Vyalov p. 19 |
| 1983 | Pycnodonte (Phygraea) Gliozzi and Malatesta p. 89 |
| 1990 | Pycnodonte (Phygraea) Squires and Demetrion p. 386 |
| 1992 | Pycnodonte (Phygraea) Squires and Demetrion p. 39 |
| 1998 | Pycnodonte (Phygraea) Casadio |
| 1999 | Pycnodonte (Phygraea) Squires p. 24 |
| 2002 | Phygraea Sepkoski |
| 2003 | Pycnodonte (Phygraea) Kiessling |
| 2014 | Pycnodonte (Phygraea) Brezina et al. |
| 2017 | Pycnodonte (Phygraea) Brezina et al. p. 113 |
| 2018 | Phygraea Squires p. 16 |
| 2021 | Pycnodonte (Phygraea) Mendir et al. p. 12 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Subg. †Pycnodonte (Phygraea) Vyalov 1936
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†Phygraea badgeri Squires 2018
†Phygraea haleyi Hertlein 1933
†Phygraea lincolnensis Weaver 1916
†Phygraea newberryi Stanton 1894
†Phygraea pacifica Squires and Demetrion 1990
†Phygraea stewarti Hanna 1927
†Pycnodonte (Phygraea) burckhardti Bohm 1903
†Pycnodonte (Phygraea) proteus Reuss 1848
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Invalid names: Ostrea operculata Reuss 1846 [synonym]
†Pycnodonte (Phygraea) pseudovesicularis Gümbel 1861
†Pycnodonte (Phygraea) sarmientoi Casadio 1998
†Pycnodonte (Phygraea) vesicularis Lamarck 1806
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†Pycnodonte (Phygraea) vesicularis vesiculosa Sowerby 1822
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†Gryphaea vesiculosa turkestanica Bobkova 1960
Invalid names: Ostrea vesiculosa Sowerby 1822 [synonym]
Invalid names: Gryphaea proboscidea Archiac 1903 [synonym], Ostrea hippopodium Nilsson 1827 [synonym], Pycnodonta radiata Fischer de Waldheim 1835 [synonym]
†Pycnodonte (Phygraea) wratheri Stephenson 1936
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
| part | N | mean | minimum | maximum | median | s.d. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| valve height | 4 | 24.5 | 18.0 | 37.0 | 23.5 | 8.58 |
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| Source: g = genus, f = family, o = order, c = class | |||||
| References: Aberhan et al. 2004, Kiessling 2004, Hendy et al. 2009, Steuber 2002 | |||||
Age range: base of the Late/Upper Albian to the top of the Early/Lower Oligocene or 105.30000 to 28.40000 Ma
Collections (239 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Albian | Morocco | Pycnodonte vesiculosa (185608) | |
| Albian | United Kingdom (England) | Ostrea vesiculosa (1865) | |
| Albian | Switzerland | Ostrea vesiculosa (2237) | |
| Albian | India | Pycnodonte vesiculosa (228377) | |
| Albian - Early/Lower Cenomanian | United Kingdom (England) | Ostrea vesiculosa (198091) | |
| Late/Upper Albian | Angola | Ostrea vesiculosa (210851) | |
| Late/Upper Albian | Sweden (Halland) | Ostrea hippopodium (38722) | |
| Cenomanian | Italy | Pycnodonte vesiculosa (185661) | |
| Cenomanian | India | Pycnodonte vesiculosa (228378) | |
| Cenomanian | Jordan | Pycnodonte vesiculosum (140949) | |
| Cenomanian | Afghanistan (Takhar) | Pycnodonte vesiculosa (78086) | |
| Cenomanian | Tunisia (Sidi Bou Zid) | Pycnodonte vesiculosa (108971) | |
| Cenomanian | Germany | Pycnodonte vesiculare (66779) | |
| Cenomanian - Turonian | India (Gujarat) | Pycnodonte navaniaensis (46396) | |
| Cenomanian - Turonian | Afghanistan (Baghlan) | Pycnodonte vesiculosa (78089) | |
| Cenomanian - Coniacian | China (Xizang) | Pycnodonte gambaensis (64260) | |
| Late/Upper Cretaceous | Angola | Ostrea vesiculosa (210893) | |
| Early/Lower Cenomanian | India | Pycnodonte vesiculosa (228245) | |
| Late/Upper Cenomanian | Portugal (Região do Centro) | Pycnodonte vesiculare (224527) | |
| Late/Upper Cenomanian | Czech Republic | Ostrea operculata (90511 90512 90513) | |
| Late/Upper Cenomanian | Egypt | Pycnodonte vesicularis (114813) Pycnodonte vesiculosum (185811) | |
| Late/Upper Cenomanian | Libya | Pycnodonte vesiculosum (208630 208632 208634 208635 208636) | |
| Late/Upper Cenomanian | Brazil | Pycnodonte vesiculosa (141007 141015 141019 141020 141022) | |
| Late/Upper Cenomanian | USA (Utah) | Gryphaea newberryi (175427 175428) | |
| Late/Upper Cenomanian | Algeria | Pycnodonte vesicularis (220827) | |
| Middle Cenomanian | India | Pycnodonte vesiculosa (228244 228246) | |
| Middle Cenomanian | Brazil | Pycnodonte vesiculosa (141011 141018) | |
| Turonian | France | Pycnodonte vesiculare (3742) | |
| Early/Lower Turonian | Afghanistan | Gryphaea vesiculosa (186339) | |
| Early/Lower Turonian | Czech Republic | Ostrea operculata (90514 90516) Pycnodonte vesiculare (90517 90518) | |
| Early/Lower Turonian | Egypt | Pycnodonte vesicularis (114815 114817) | |
| Early/Lower Turonian | Portugal (Região do Centro) | Pycnodonte vesiculare (224528) | |
| Late/Upper Turonian | Brazil (Sergipe) | Pycnodonte vesiculosa (143567 143654 143671 143686 143706) | |
| Middle Turonian | Brazil (Sergipe) | Pycnodonte vesiculosa (143173 143174 143175) | |
| Middle Turonian - Early/Lower Campanian | USA (Utah) | Gryphaea newberryi (100218) | |
| Coniacian - Santonian | Belgium (Namur) | Pycnodonte vesicularis, Pycnodonte proteus (51518) | |
| Coniacian - Santonian | Egypt | Pycnodonte vesicularis (114825) | |
| Late/Upper Coniacian - Early/Lower Santonian | Austria | Pycnodonte aucella (173322) | |
| Santonian | France | Pycnodonte vesiculare (3746) | |
| Santonian | United Kingdom | Pycnodonte vesiculare (90763) | |
| Santonian | Germany | Gryphaea vesicularis (74484) | |
| Santonian | USA (Alabama) | Gryphaea wratheri (5186 5188) | |
| Santonian | Afghanistan | Gryphaea vesicularis (186343) | |
| Santonian - Campanian | Italy | Pycnodonte vesicularis (74801) | |
| Early/Lower Santonian - Late/Upper Santonian | Egypt | Pycnodonte vesicularis (114806) | |
| Late/Upper Santonian | Austria | Pycnodonte vesiculare (114268) | |
| Middle Santonian | Angola | Phygraea newberryi (210903) | |
| Campanian | USA (North Carolina) | Gryphaea vesicularis (190554) | |
| Campanian | Egypt | Pycnodonte vesicularis (114909) | |
| Campanian | France | Pycnodonte vesiculare (3747) | |
| Campanian | Afghanistan | Gryphaea vesicularis (186344) | |
| Early/Lower Campanian - Middle Campanian | USA (Mississippi) | Gryphaea vesicularis (32141 32142) | |
| Late/Upper Campanian | Oman | Pycnodonte vesiculare (67455) | |
| Late/Upper Campanian | Egypt | Pycnodonte vesiculare (185812 185816) Pycnodonte vesicularis (114863) | |
| Late/Upper Campanian | USA (Tennessee) | Gryphaea vesicularis (88357) | |
| Late/Upper Campanian | Poland | Pycnodonte vesiculare (28084 28086 28087) | |
| Middle Campanian - Late/Upper Campanian | USA (New Jersey) | Gryphaea vesicularis (3868 3869) | |
| Late/Upper Campanian - Maastrichtian | United Arab Emirates | Pycnodonte vesiculare (67456) | |
| Maastrichtian | USA (Texas) | Pycnodonte mutabilis (205522) | |
| Maastrichtian | Argentina (Neuquén) | Pycnodonte vesicularis (73943) | |
| Maastrichtian | Antarctica (Seymour Island) | Pycnodonte vesiculosa (63513) | |
| Maastrichtian | Denmark | Pycnodonte vesiculare (35039) | |
| Early/Lower Maastrichtian | Germany | Gryphaea vesicularis (213668) | |
| Early/Lower Maastrichtian | Austria (Lower Austria) | Pycnodonte vesicularis (226428) | |
| Early/Lower Maastrichtian | Egypt | Pycnodonte vesiculare (185814 185815) | |
| Early/Lower Maastrichtian | USA (Arkansas) | Gryphaea vesicularis (90500) | |
| Early/Lower Maastrichtian | Antarctica (Seymour Island) | Pycnodonte vesiculosa (3158) | |
| Early/Lower Maastrichtian | Antarctica | Pycnodonte vesiculosa (83550 83551) | |
| Late/Upper Maastrichtian | USA (North Carolina) | Gryphaea vesicularis (83302 190582) | |
| Late/Upper Maastrichtian | Antarctica (Seymour Island) | Pycnodonte vesiculosa (3166 3169) | |
| Late/Upper Maastrichtian | Poland | Pycnodonte vesiculare (27818 27819 27822 28078 28080 28445) | |
| Late/Upper Maastrichtian | Afghanistan | Gryphaea vesicularis (186346) | |
| Late/Upper Maastrichtian | Argentina (Neuquén) | Pycnodonte vesicularis (73944 73945 73946 73949 73950 73951 73952 73953 73954 73955 73956 73957 73997 220770) | |
| Danian | Argentina (La Pampa) | Pycnodonte burckhardti, Pycnodonte sarmientoi (5160) Pycnodonte sarmientoi (220764 220765) | |
| Danian | France | Phygraea vesicularis (20816) | |
| Danian | Argentina (Mendoza) | Pycnodonte burckhardti (236249) | |
| Danian | USA (California) | Phygraea haleyi (221983) | |
| Danian | Denmark | Gryphaea vesicularis (89866) Pycnodonte vesiculare (35040) | |
| Danian | Argentina (Río Negro) | Pycnodonte burckhardti, Pycnodonte sarmientoi (220768) | |
| Danian | Argentina (Neuquén) | Pycnodonte burckhardti (73886 73888 73889 73902 73905 73909 73910 73911 73912 73913 73914 73915 73916 73917 73918 73919 73920 73921 73922 73924 73925 73926 73935 73936 73937 73938 73939 73940 73941 73942 73969 73971 73972 73973 73974 73976 73977 73978 73979 73980 73981 73982 73983 73984 73985 73986 73987 73988 73990 73991 73992 73993 73995 74004 74005 74006 74007 74008 74041 74042 74046 74048 74049) Pycnodonte sarmientoi (220769) | |
| Danian | Austria (Niederösterreich) | Ostrea hippopodium (87002) | |
| Paleocene | Austria (Salzburg) | Pycnodonte pseudovesicularis (84335) | |
| Thanetian | Bulgaria (Pleven) | Pycnodonte antiqua (102403) | |
| Thanetian | Bulgaria (Varna) | Pycnodonte antiqua (102400 102401 102402) | |
| Late/Upper Paleocene | China (Xinjiang) | Pycnodonte nomada (77836 77837) | |
| Ypresian | Mexico (Baja California Sur) | Pycnodonte pacifica (5496 5497 5507 7928) | |
| Ypresian | Mexico (Baja California) | Pycnodonte pacifica (5502 5506) | |
| Ypresian | USA (California) | Odontogryphaea haleyi (177611) Ostrea haleyi (178750 178752 194164) Pycnodonte pacifica (51951 207322) | |
| Ypresian - Lutetian | Mexico (Baja California) | Pycnodonte pacifica (5498) | |
| Lutetian | Mexico (Baja California) | Pycnodonte pacifica (5505) | |
| Lutetian | USA (California) | Ostrea stewarti (200720 205788 214591) Phygraea stewarti (8015 173475) Pycnodonte pacifica (8012 51924) | |
| Middle Eocene - Late/Upper Eocene | USA (California) | Ostrea stewarti (37928 37932) Phygraea badgeri (202086) | |
| Bartonian - Priabonian | Canada (British Columbia) | Ostrea lincolnensis (209754) | |
| Early/Lower Oligocene | USA (California) | Ostrea lincolnensis (71184 71190 71192 71193 71200) | |
| Early/Lower Oligocene - Late/Upper Oligocene | USA (Alaska) | Ostrea lincolnensis (44112) | |
| Oligocene | USA (Washington) | Ostrea lincolnensis (208138) |