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Sphyrnidae (hammerhead shark)

Chondrichthyes - Carcharhiniformes - Sphyrnidae

Synonymy list
YearName and author
1872Sphyrnidae Gill
1902Sphyrninae Hay p. 314
1943Sphyrnidae Dartevelle and Casier p. 163
1963Sphyrnidae Jordan p. 600
1981Sphyrnidae Case p. 66
2001Sphyrnidae Purdy et al. p. 157
2005Sphyrnidae Compagno
2007Sphyrnidae Adnet et al. p. 314
2009Sphyrnidae Cicimurri and Knight p. 635
2016Sphyrnidae Nelson et al. p. 72
2018Sphyrnidae Kent p. 121
2020Sphyrnidae Villafaña et al. p. 739
2024Sphyrnidae Ebersole et al. p. 10
2025Sphyrnidae Cicimurri et al. p. 38
2025Sphyrnidae Landau et al. p. 27

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
Bilateria
EubilateriaAx 1987
Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
classChondrichthyes
RankNameAuthor
infraclassElasmobranchii(Bonaparte 1838)
Euselachii()
NeoselachiiCompagno 1977
superorderGaleomorphiiCompagno 1973
orderCarcharhiniformesCompagno 1973
familySphyrnidaeGill 1872
familySphyrnidaeGill 1872

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Fm. Sphyrnidae Gill 1872 [hammerhead shark]
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G. †Cestrorhinus Blainville 1816
G. Eusphyra Giill 1862
G. †Platysqualus Swainson 1839
G. †Reniceps Gill 1861
G. †Sphyra Van der Hoeven 1849
G. †Sphyrichthys Thienemann 1828
G. Sphyrna Rafinesque 1810 [hammerhead shark]
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Sphyrna americana Leriche 1942
Sphyrna arambourgi Cappetta 1970
Sphyrna denticulata Agassiz 1843
Sphyrna gibbesii Hay 1902
Sphyrna gracile Cicimurri et al. 2025
Sphyrna guinoti Adnet et al. 2020
Sphyrna integra Probst 1878
Sphyrna itoriensis White 1926
Sphyrna laevissima Cope 1867
Sphyrna lata Agassiz 1843
Sphyrna lewini Griffith and Smith 1834 [scalloped hammerhead]
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Invalid names: Sphyrna diplana Springer 1941 [synonym]
Sphyrna magna Cope 1868
Sphyrna media Springer 1940 [scoophead]
Sphyrna mokarran Rüppell 1837 [great hammerhead]
Sphyrna prisca Agassiz 1843
Sphyrna prisca eastmani Eastman 1904
Sphyrna robustum Cicimurri et al. 2025
Sphyrna tiburo Linnaeus 1758
Sphyrna tortilis White 1926
Sphyrna vespertina Springer 1940
Sphyrna zygaena Linnaeus 1758 [smooth hammerhead]
Invalid names: Zygaena Cuvier 1816 [synonym]
G. †Sphyrnias Rafinesque 1815
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: phosphaticsubp
Environment: marinesubp
Locomotion: actively mobileo
Life habit: nektonico
Diet: carnivoreo
Created: 2009-07-21 06:53:24
Modified: 2009-07-21 08:53:24
Source: o = order, subp = subphylum
References: Wagner 2023, Hendy et al. 2009, Carroll 1988

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Late/Upper Cretaceous to the top of the Late/Upper Pleistocene or 100.50000 to 0.01170 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 66.0 Ma

Collections (173 total)

Oldest occurrences

Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Late/Upper Cretaceous100.5 - 66.0France Sphyrna prisca (242173)
Late/Upper Paleocene59.24 - 56.0USA (Maryland) Sphyrna sp. (84046)
Thanetian59.24 - 56.0USA (Maryland) Sphyrna prisca (124191)
Early/Lower Eocene56.0 - 48.07India Sphyrna sp. (210158)
Ypresian56.0 - 48.07Saudi Arabia (Ash Sharqiyah) Sphyrna prisca (42459)
Lutetian48.07 - 41.03Nigeria Sphyrna itoriensis, Sphyrna tortilis (187560)
Lutetian48.07 - 41.03USA (Alabama) Rhizoprionodon sp. (276540) Sphyrna sp. (13346)
Lutetian48.07 - 41.03Togo Sphyrna sp. (32991)
Lutetian - Bartonian48.07 - 37.71China (Xinjiang) Sphyrna zygaena (278018 278019)
Lutetian - Chattian48.07 - 23.04Congo-Kinshasa Sphyrna prisca (275437)
Bartonian41.03 - 37.71Tunisia (Sidi Bouzid Township) Sphyrna sp., Sphyrna guinoti (173640)
Late/Upper Eocene37.71 - 33.9Barbados Sphyrna laevissima (220735)
Late/Upper Eocene37.71 - 33.9USA (Georgia) Sphyrna zygaena (73434)
Priabonian37.71 - 33.9Western Sahara Sphyrna sp. (96686 96688)
Priabonian37.71 - 33.9Barbados Sphyrna laevissima (205153)
Priabonian37.71 - 33.9Egypt Sphyrna sp. (145984)
Early/Lower Oligocene33.9 - 27.3Pakistan (Balochistan) Sphyrna sp. (78520)
Rupelian33.9 - 27.3USA (South Carolina) Sphyrnidae indet. (60444)
Rupelian33.9 - 27.3USA (Alabama) Sphyrna sp. (235364)
Whitneyan31.8 - 29.5USA (Florida) Sphyrna sp. (17341)