PBDB Taxon

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Pterobranchia (pterobranch)

Pterobranchia

Taxonomy

Pterobranchia was named by Lankester (1877). It is extant. It was considered monophyletic by Mitchell et al. (2013).

It was assigned to Hemichordata by Bulman (1970), Zrzavy et al. (1998), Sepkoski (2002), Nielsen (2012), Mitchell et al. (2013), Toro and Herrera Sánchez (2019) and Lo Valvo et al. (2020).

Subtaxa

Cephalodiscida, Graptolithina, Mastograptus, Rhabdopleurida

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1877	Pterobranchia Lankester
1970	Pterobranchia Bulman p. V13
1998	Pterobranchia Zrzavy et al.
2002	Pterobranchia Sepkoski
2012	Pterobranchia Nielsen p. 343
2013	Pterobranchia Mitchell et al.
2019	Pterobranchia Toro and Herrera Sánchez pp. 501-502
2020	Pterobranchia Lo Valvo et al. p. 538

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia

Rank	Name	Author
—	Ambulacraria
phylum	Hemichordata	Bateson 1885
class	Pterobranchia	Lankester 1877
class	Pterobranchia	Lankester 1877

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Cl. Pterobranchia Lankester 1877 [pterobranch]

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Or. Cephalodiscida

Fm. †Cephalodiscidae Harmer 1905

G. †Aellograptus

†Aellograptus savitskyi Obut 1964

G. Cephalodiscus

G. †Melanostrophus

G. †Pterobranchites

Invalid names: Eocephalodiscidae Kozłowski 1949 [synonym]

Subcl. Graptolithina Bronn 1849 [graptolite]

Unr. †Acanthastida Kozlowski 1949

G. †Acanthastus Kozlowski 1948

G. †Ascograptus

Or. †Camaroidea

Fm. †Bithecocamaridae Bulman 1955

G. †Bithecocamara

Fm. †Cysticamaridae Bulman 1955

G. †Cysticamara

G. †Flexicollicamara

G. †Graptocamara

G. †Tubicamara

G. †Syringotaenia

G. †Ceramograptus

G. †Crinocaulis

Or. †Crustoidea Bulman 1970

G. †Ruedemannicrusta Kozlowski 1962

G. †Urbanekicrusta

G. †Xenocyathus

Invalid names: Hormograptidae Bulman 1970 [empty]

Fm. †Cyclograptidae Bulman 1938

G. †Calycotubus

G. †Camarotubus Mierzejewski 2001

G. †Conitubus

G. †Cyclograptus

G. †Discograptus

G. †Galeograptus

G. †Kozlowskitubus

G. †Marsipograptus Ruedemann 1936

†Marsipograptus bullatus Ruedemann 1936

†Marsipograptus percensis Ruedemann 1936

G. †Parvitubus

G. †Reticulograptus

G. †Rhipidodendrum

G. †Tubidendrum

Or. †Dendroidea Nicholson 1872

Fm. †Acanthograptidae Bulman 1938

G. †Acanthograptus

†Acanthograptus sinensis Hsü 1948

G. †Callograptus

†Callograptus cylindricus Liu 1987

†Callograptus elegans Hall 1865

†Callograptus praesalteri Rickards et al. 1990

Invalid names: Odontocaulis Lapworth 1881 [synonym]

G. †Coremagraptus

G. †Dictyonema Hall 1851

†Dictyonema hamiltoniae Hall 1865

†Dictyonema macgillivrayi Hall 1899

†Dictyonema pulchellum Hall 1899

†Dictyonema ramosissimum Ruedemann 1947

†Dictyonema splendens Billings 1874

G. †Koremagraptus

Invalid names: Archaeodictyota [synonym]

G. †Palaeodictyota Whtifield 1902

†Palaeodictyota ramulosa Whtifield 1902

G. †Ptiograptus

G. †Thallograptus Ruedemann 1925

†Thallograptus succulentus Ruedemann 1904

G. †Aretograptus Obut and Sobolevskaya 1962

G. †Cactograptus

G. †Chaunograptus

G. †Coelograptus

Fm. †Dendrograptidae Roemer 1897

G. †Airograptus Ruedemann 1916

G. †Aspidograptus

†Aspidograptus implicatus Hopkinson 1875

†Aspidograptus smithtonensis Rickards et al. 1990

Invalid names: Clematograptus Hopkinson 1875 [replaced]

G. †Calyxdendrum

G. †Dendrograptus Hall 1858

†Dendrograptus gracilis Hall 1865

†Dendrograptus hallianus Prout 1851

†Dendrograptus kindlei Ruedemann 1933

G. †Desmograptus

†Desmograptus cancellatus Hopkinson 1875

†Desmograptus quiltyi Rickards et al. 1990

Invalid names: Rhizograptus Spencer 1878 [synonym]

G. †Graptolodendrum

G. †Licnograptus

G. †Ophigraptus

G. †Polygonograptus Boucek 1957

†Polygonograptus mellaensis Rickards et al. 1990

G. †Ptilograptus

Invalid names: Chaunograptidae Bulman 1955 [empty]

Fm. †Dithecodendridae Obut 1964

G. †Archaeolafoea Chapman 1919

†Archaeolafoea longicornis Chapman 1919

†Archaeolafoea monegettae Chapman 1919

G. †Bulmanidendrum Obut 1974

G. †Dalyia Walcott 1919

†Dalyia annularoides Resser and Howell 1938

†Dalyia pennsylvanica Resser and Howell 1938

†Dalyia racemata Walcott 1919

G. †Karasidendrum Sennikov 1998

G. †Ovetograptus Sdzuy 1974

G. †Protodendrum Sennikov 1998

G. †Siberiodendrum Obut 1964

G. †Sibiriograptus Obut 1964

G. †Sotograptus Sdzuy 1974

G. †Tarnagraptus Sdzuy 1974

G. †Dithecodendrum

Unr. †Graptoblasti Kozlowski 1949

G. †Graptoblastoides

G. †Graptoblastus

Unr. †Graptoloida Maletz et al. 2009 [graptoloid]

Unr. †Eugraptoloida Maletz et al. 2009

Unr. †Reclinata Maletz et al. 2009

Superor. †Pantetragrapta Maletz et al. 2009

Invalid names: Panbireclinata Maletz et al. 2009 [empty]

Invalid names: Panreclinata Maletz et al. 2009 [empty]

Or. †Graptoloidea Lapworth 1875

G. †Apiograptus

G. †Arienigraptus

G. †Arnheimograptus

Subor. †Axonophora Frech 1897

Infraor. †Diplograptina Lapworth 1880

Superfm. †Climacograptoidea Frech 1897 [climacograptid]

Invalid names: Climacograptacea Mitchell et al. 2007 [replaced]

Fm. †Dicaulograptidae Bulman 1970

Fm. †Dicranograptidae Lapworth 1873

Superfm. †Dicranograptoidea Lapworth 1873

Invalid names: Dicranograptacea Storch et al. 2011 [replaced]

Fm. †Diplograptidae

Invalid names: Orthograptidae Mitchell 1987 [synonym]

Fm. †Lasiograptidae Lapworth 1879 [lasiograptid]

Fm. †Peiragraptidae Jaanusson 1960

Infraor. †Neograptina Storch et al. 2011

Superfm. †Monograptoidea Lapworth 1873

Fm. †Normalograptidae Storch and Serpagli 1993

Superfm. †Retiolitoidea Lapworth 1873

G. †Bergstroemograptus

G. †Crinitograptus Rickards 1995

Subor. †Dichograptina Lapworth 1873

Fm. †Dichograptidae Lapworth 1873

G. †Clonograptus Nicholson 1873

G. †Dichograptus

Subfm. †Didymograpti Bulman 1970

G. †Didymograptus McCoy 1851

Invalid names: Cladograpsus Geinitz 1852 [synonym]

G. †Etagraptus Ruedemann 1904

Subfm. †Goniograpti Bulman 1970

G. †Loganograptus Hall 1868

G. †Orthodichograptus Thomas 1972

Subfm. †Schizograpti Bulman 1970

Subfm. †Temnograpti Bulman 1970

Invalid names: Dichograpti Bulman 1970 [empty], Dichograptinae Lapworth 1873 [empty], Tetragrapti Bulman 1970 [empty]

Fm. †Phyllograptidae Kiessling 2009

G. †Corymbograptus Obut and Sobolevskaya 1964

G. †Harrisgraptus VandenBerg 2019

G. †Paratetragraptus Obut 1957

G. †Pendeograptus Bouček and Příbyl 1952

G. †Phyllograptus Hall 1858

G. †Pseudophyllograptus Cooper and Fortey 1982

G. †Tetragraptus Salter 1863

G. †Tshallograptus Vandenberg 2017

Fm. †Pterograptidae Mu 1950

G. †Didymograptellus Cooper and Fortey 1982

G. †Pseudobryograptus Mu 1957

G. †Pterograptus Holm 1881

G. †Xiphograptus

G. †Yutagraptus

Fm. †Tetragraptidae Frech 1897

G. †Pseudotrigonograptus

Fm. †Didymograptidae Mu 1950

G. †Baltograptus Maletz 1994

†Baltograptus deflexus Elles and Wood 1901

†Baltograptus extremus Maletz and Slovacek 2013

†Baltograptus geometricus Törnquist 1901

†Baltograptus jacksoni Rushton 2011

†Baltograptus vacillans Tullberg 1880

†Baltograptus varicosus Wang 1974

Invalid names: Baltograptus kunmingensis Ni 1979 [synonym]

G. †Cymatograptus

†Cymatograptus bidextro Toro and Maletz 2008

G. †Expansograptus Bouček and Přibyl 1953

†Didymograptus (Expansograptus) validus Törnquist 1901

†Expansograptus abnormis Hsu 1934

†Expansograptus hirundo Salter 1863

†Expansograptus rigoletto Maletz et al. 1991

Subor. †Didymograptina Lapworth 1875

Fm. †Abrograptidae Mu 1958

G. †Abrograptus

G. †Dinemagraptus

G. †Parabrograptus Mu and Qiao 1962

G. †Reteograptus

Fm. †Corynoididae Bulman 1944

G. †Corynites

Fm. †Nemagraptidae Lapworth 1873

G. †Amphigraptus

G. †Syndyograptus

Invalid names: Tangyagraptus [synonym]

G. †Dimorphograptoides

G. †Eisenackograptus

G. †Eoglyptograptus

G. †Euclimacograptus

G. †Exigraptus

Subor. †Glossograptina Jaanuson 1960

Fm. †Cyrtograptidae Boucek 1933

Subfm. †Cyrtograptinae Boucek 1933

Fm. †Glossograptidae Lapworth 1873

Subfm. †Cryptograptinae Hadding 1915

Subfm. †Glossograptinae Lapworth 1873

Subfm. †Kalpinograptinae Qiao 1977

G. †Lonchograptus

G. †Nanograptus

G. †Paraglossograptus

Fm. †Isograptidae Harris 1933

G. †Cardiograptus

G. †Isograptus Moberg 1892

G. †Parisograptus Chen and Zhang 1996

Invalid names: Arienigraptidae Yu and Fang 1981 [synonym]

Invalid names: Bireclinata Maletz et al. 2009 [synonym]

Subor. †Graptodendroidina Mu and Lin 1981

Fm. †Anisograptidae Bullman 1950

G. †Adelograptus Bulman 1941

G. †Ancoragraptus Jackson and Lenz 2003

G. †Anisograptus Ruedemann 1937

G. †Aorograptus Williams and Stevens 1991

G. †Araneograptus

G. †Bryograptus

G. †Chigraptus Jackson and Lenz 1999

G. †Choristograptus

G. †Dictyograptus Hopkinson and Lapworth 1875

G. †Hunnegraptus Lindholm 1971

G. †Kiaerograptus

G. †Paratemnograptus

G. †Psigraptus Jackson 1967

Invalid names: Diphygraptus Zhao and Zhang 1985 [synonym], Holopsigraptus Zhao and Zhang 1985 [synonym], Muenzigraptus Zhao and Zhang 1985 [synonym], Neoclonograptus Zhao and Zhang 1985 [synonym], Yukonograptus Lin 1981 [synonym]

G. †Radiograptus

G. †Rhabdinopora Eichwald 1860

Invalid names: Heterograptus Lin 1986 [synonym]

G. †Staurograptus

Invalid names: Aletograptus Obut and Sobolevskaya 1962 [synonym]

G. †Toyenograptus Li 1984

G. †Triograptus

Invalid names: Nephelograptidae Boucek 1957 [synonym]

Fm. †Mastigograptidae Bates and Urbanek 2002

G. †Mastigograptus Ruedemann 1908

G. †Micrograptus Eisenack 1974

G. †Hirsutograptus

G. †Joamgsjamotes

Fm. †Kinnegraptidae Mu 1974

G. †Kinnegraptus

G. †Paradelograptus Erdtmann et al. 1987

G. †Laxograptus

†Laxograptus shellyi Henderson 1983

G. †Lenzograptus Loydell 2020

Invalid names: Lenzia Rickards and Wright 1999 [replaced]

G. †Metabrograptus

Subor. †Monograptina Lapworth 1880

Fm. †Cryptograptidae Boucek 1933

Subfm. †Linograptinae Obut 1957

G. †Neocolonograptus Urbanek 1997

†Neocolonograptus lochkovensis Přibyl 1940

†Neocolonograptus parultimus Jaeger 1975

†Neocolonograptus ultimus Perner 1899

G. †Neocucullograptus

G. †Neodicellograptus

G. †Neolobograptus

G. †Parapetalolithis

G. †Pararetiograptus

G. †Plectodinemagraptus

G. †Pseudamplexograptus

†Pseudamplexograptus latus Bulman 1931

G. †Pseudoisograptus

G. †Pseudomonoclimacis

G. †Pseudoplectograptus

G. †Pseudorthograptus

G. †Rivagraptus

G. †Semiplectograptus

Subor. †Sinograpta Maletz 2009

Fm. †Sinograptidae Mu 1957

G. †Allograptus

G. †Holmograptus

G. †Pseudodichograptus

Subfm. †Sigmagraptinae Cooper and Fortey 1982

G. †Sinograptus Mu 1957

G. †Tylograptus Mu 1957

Subor. †Sinograptina Maletz 2009

Fm. †Sigmagraptidae Cooper and Fortey 1982

G. †Eotetragraptus Bouček and Přibyl 1952

G. †Goniograptus McCoy 1876

G. †Praegoniograptus Rickards and Chapman 1991

G. †Sigmagraptus Ruedemann 1904

G. †Sinoreteograptus

G. †Stromatograptus

G. †Sudburigraptus

G. †Uncinatograptus

†Uncinatograptus uncinatus Tullberg 1883

G. †Urbanekograptus

Invalid names: Bryograptidae Obut 1957 [empty], Dichograptacea Lapworth 1873 [empty], Virgellina Fortey and Cooper 1986 [empty]

G. †Leveillites

G. †Palmatophycus Boucek 1941

†Palmatophycus contractus Boucek 1941

G. †Pilograptus

Fm. †Rhabdopleuridae Harmer 1905

G. †Archaeocryptolaria

G. †Calyxhydra Kozlowski 1959

G. †Chitinodendron Eisenack 1938

G. Cylindrotheca Rabenhorst 1848

G. †Epigraptus

G. †Fasciculitubus

G. †Graptovermis

G. †Haplograptus Ruedemann 1933

†Haplograptus wisconsinensis Ruedemann 1933

†Haplograptus wisconsinensis montanensis Lochman 1964

G. †Kystodendron

G. Rhabdopleura Allman 1869

Invalid names: Rhabdopleura Allman 1867 [objective synonym]

G. †Rhabdopleurites

G. †Rhabdopleuroides

G. †Rhabdotubus

G. Rhapdopleura Allman 1869

G. †Stolonodendrum

G. †Siryngotaenia

Fm. †Wimanicrustidae Bulman 1970

G. †Bulmanicrusta Kozlowski 1962

G. †Ellesicrusta

G. †Holmicrusta

G. †Hormograptus

G. †Lapworthicrusta

G. †Wimanicrusta

Invalid names: Diplograptoidea Lapworth 1880 [empty], Dithecoidea Obut 1964 [empty], Graptolithus Linnaeus 1768 [invalid subgroup], Graptovermida Kozlowski 1949 [empty], Limpidograptus [nomen vanum], Stolonoidea Kozlowski 1938 [empty], Thamnograptus [nomen vanum], Trigonograptus Lapworth 1873 [nomen vanum], Tuboidea Kozlowski 1938 [empty]

G. †Mastograptus LoDuca and Kramer 2014

Invalid names: Rhabdopleurida Fowler 1892 [empty]

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available