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Graptolithina (graptolite)

Pterobranchia

Synonyms
Synonymy list
YearName and author
1768Graptolithus Linnaeus
1849Graptolithina Bronn
1873Trigonograptus Lapworth
1968Trigonograptus Whittington
1970Graptolithina Bulman p. V17
1993Graptolithina Toro p. 71
1995Graptolithina Toro p. 377
2002Graptolithina Sepkoski
2002Limpidograptus Sepkoski
2002Thamnograptus Sepkoski
2013Graptolithina Mitchell et al.
2014Graptolithina Maletz p. 486
2017Graptolithina Maletz p. 114
2019Graptolithina Toro and Herrera Sánchez p. 502
2020Graptolithina Lo Valvo et al. p. 538

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
Bilateria
EubilateriaAx 1987
Deuterostomia
Ambulacraria
RankNameAuthor
phylumHemichordataBateson 1885
classPterobranchiaLankester 1877
subclassGraptolithina(Bronn 1849)
subclassGraptolithina(Bronn 1849)

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Subcl. Graptolithina Bronn 1849 [graptolite]
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Unr. †Acanthastida Kozlowski 1949
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G. †Acanthastus Kozlowski 1948
Or. †Camaroidea
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Fm. †Bithecocamaridae Bulman 1955
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Fm. †Cysticamaridae Bulman 1955
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Or. †Crustoidea Bulman 1970
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G. †Ruedemannicrusta Kozlowski 1962
Invalid names: Hormograptidae Bulman 1970 [empty]
Fm. †Cyclograptidae Bulman 1938
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G. †Camarotubus Mierzejewski 2001
G. †Conitubus
G. †Marsipograptus Ruedemann 1936
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Marsipograptus bullatus Ruedemann 1936
Marsipograptus percensis Ruedemann 1936
Or. †Dendroidea Nicholson 1872
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Fm. †Acanthograptidae Bulman 1938
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Callograptus elegans Hall 1865
Callograptus praesalteri Rickards et al. 1990
Invalid names: Odontocaulis Lapworth 1881 [synonym]
G. †Dictyonema Hall 1851
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Dictyonema pulchellum Hall 1899
Dictyonema ramosissimum Ruedemann 1947
Dictyonema splendens Billings 1874
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Invalid names: Archaeodictyota [synonym]
G. †Palaeodictyota Whtifield 1902
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Palaeodictyota ramulosa Whtifield 1902
G. †Thallograptus Ruedemann 1925
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Thallograptus succulentus Ruedemann 1904
G. †Aretograptus Obut and Sobolevskaya 1962
Fm. †Dendrograptidae Roemer 1897
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G. †Airograptus Ruedemann 1916
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Aspidograptus implicatus Hopkinson 1875
Aspidograptus smithtonensis Rickards et al. 1990
Invalid names: Clematograptus Hopkinson 1875 [replaced]
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Calyxdendrum amicabilis Gutiérrez-Marco and Maletz 2024
G. †Dendrograptus Hall 1858
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Dendrograptus kindlei Ruedemann 1933
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Desmograptus cancellatus Hopkinson 1875
Desmograptus quiltyi Rickards et al. 1990
Invalid names: Rhizograptus Spencer 1878 [synonym]
G. †Polygonograptus Boucek 1957
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Polygonograptus mellaensis Rickards et al. 1990
Invalid names: Chaunograptidae Bulman 1955 [empty]
Fm. †Dithecodendridae Obut 1964
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G. †Archaeolafoea Chapman 1919
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Archaeolafoea longicornis Chapman 1919
Archaeolafoea monegettae Chapman 1919
G. †Bulmanidendrum Obut 1974
G. †Dalyia Walcott 1919
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Dalyia annularoides Resser and Howell 1938
Dalyia pennsylvanica Resser and Howell 1938
Dalyia racemata Walcott 1919
G. †Karasidendrum Sennikov 1998
G. †Ovetograptus Sdzuy 1974
G. †Protodendrum Sennikov 1998
G. †Siberiodendrum Obut 1964
G. †Sibiriograptus Obut 1964
G. †Sotograptus Sdzuy 1974
G. †Tarnagraptus Sdzuy 1974
Unr. †Graptoblasti Kozlowski 1949
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Unr. †Graptoloida Maletz et al. 2009 [graptoloid]
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Unr. †Eugraptoloida Maletz et al. 2009
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Unr. †Reclinata Maletz et al. 2009
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Superor. †Pantetragrapta Maletz et al. 2009
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Invalid names: Tetragrapta Mu 1950 [empty]
Invalid names: Panbireclinata Maletz et al. 2009 [empty]
Invalid names: Panreclinata Maletz et al. 2009 [empty]
Or. †Graptoloidea Lapworth 1875
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Subor. †Axonophora Frech 1897
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Infraor. †Diplograptina Lapworth 1880
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Superfm. †Climacograptoidea Frech 1897 [climacograptid]
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Fm. †Climacograptidae Frech 1807
G. †Undulograptus Bouček 1973
Invalid names: Climacograptacea Mitchell et al. 2007 [replaced]
Fm. †Dicaulograptidae Bulman 1970
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Fm. †Dicranograptidae Lapworth 1873
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G. †Dicellograptus Hopkinson 1871
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Invalid names: Leptograptus Lapworth 1873 [synonym]
G. †Dicranograptus Hall 1865
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Invalid names: Cladograpsus Emmons 1855 [replaced], Diceratograptus [synonym]
Subfm. †Nemagraptinae Maletz 2014
Superfm. †Dicranograptoidea Lapworth 1873
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Invalid names: Dicranograptacea Storch et al. 2011 [replaced]
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G. †Anticostia Stewart and Mitchell 1997
G. †Corynoides Nicholson 1867
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Invalid names: Corynograptus Hopkinson and Lapworth 1875 [synonym]
Subfm. †Diplograptinae Lapworth 1873
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Invalid names: Mesograptus Elles and Wood [synonym]
G. †Levisograptus Maletz 2011
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Invalid names: Amansites Brongniart 1849 [synonym]
Subfm. †Orthograptinae Mitchell 1987
G. †Parareteograptus Mu 1974
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Invalid names: Orthoretiograptus Wang et al. 1978 [synonym]
G. †Rectograptus Pribyl 1949
Invalid names: Orthograptidae Mitchell 1987 [synonym]
Fm. †Lasiograptidae Lapworth 1879 [lasiograptid]
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G. †Arachniograptus Ross and Berry 1963
G. †Archiretiolites Eisenack 1935
G. †Brevigraptus Mitchell 1988
G. †Hallograptus Lapworth 1876
G. †Lasiograptus Lapworth 1873
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Invalid names: Prolasiograptus [synonym]
G. †Neurograptus Elles and Wood 1908
G. †Nymphograptus Elles and Wood 1908
G. †Orthoretiolites Whittington 1954
G. †Paraplegmatograptus Mu and Lin 1984
G. †Phormograptus Whittington 1955
G. †Pipiograptus Whittington 1955
G. †Plegmatograptus Elles and Wood 1908
G. †Sunigraptus Mu 1993
G. †Tysanograptus Elles and Wood 1908
G. †Yangzigraptus Mu 1983
G. †Yinograptus Mu 1962
Fm. †Peiragraptidae Jaanusson 1960
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Infraor. †Neograptina Storch et al. 2011
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Superfm. †Monograptoidea Lapworth 1873
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Fm. †Dimorphograptidae Elles and Wood 1908
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Invalid names: Heteroprionidae Tullberg 1883 [synonym]
Fm. †Monograptidae Lapworth 1873
Fm. †Normalograptidae Storch and Serpagli 1993
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G. †Hedrograptus Obut 1949
G. †Metaclimacograptus Bulman and Rickards 1968
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Invalid names: Lithuanograptus Paskevicius 1976 [synonym]
G. †Normalograptus Legrand 1987
G. †Pronormalograptus Chen et al. 2015
G. †Pseudoglyptograptus Bulman and Rickards 1968
Superfm. †Retiolitoidea Lapworth 1873
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Fm. †Neodiplograptidae Melchin et al. 2011
Fm. †Retiolitidae Lapworth 1873
G. †Crinitograptus Rickards 1995
Subor. †Dichograptina Lapworth 1873
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Fm. †Dichograptidae Lapworth 1873
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G. †Clonograptus Nicholson 1873
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Clonograptus flexilis Hall 1858
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Dichograptus maccoyi Harris and Thomas 1940
Subfm. †Didymograpti Bulman 1970
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G. †Azygograptus Nicholson and Lapworth 1875
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Invalid names: Nicholsonograptus Boucek and Pribyl 1951 [synonym], Pseudazygograptus [synonym]
G. †Didymograptus McCoy 1851
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Subg. †Didymograptus (Didymograptellus) Cooper and Fortey 1982
Subg. †Didymograptus (Didymograptus) M'Coy 1851
Didymograptus balticus Tullberg 1880
Didymograptus demissus Törnquist 1901
Didymograptus ensjoensis Monsen 1937
Didymograptus euodus Lapworth 1875
Didymograptus filiformis Tullberg 1880
Didymograptus holmi Törnquist 1901
Didymograptus latus Hall 1907
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Invalid names: Didymograptus pseudogeminus Bouček 1973 [synonym]
Didymograptus nicholsoni Lapworth 1875
Didymograptus pacificus Ruedemann 1947
Didymograptus pusillus Tullberg 1880
Didymograptus spinulosus Perner 1895
Didymograptus suecicus Tullberg 1880
Didymograptus undulatus Törnquist 1901
Didymograptus uniformis Elles and Wood 1901
Invalid names: Cladograpsus Geinitz 1852 [synonym]
Subfm. †Goniograpti Bulman 1970
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G. †Loganograptus Hall 1868
G. †Orthodichograptus Thomas 1972
Subfm. †Schizograpti Bulman 1970
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G. †Anthograptus Tornquist 1904
Subfm. †Temnograpti Bulman 1970
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Invalid names: Dichograpti Bulman 1970 [empty], Dichograptinae Lapworth 1873 [empty], Tetragrapti Bulman 1970 [empty]
Fm. †Phyllograptidae Kiessling 2009
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G. †Corymbograptus Obut and Sobolevskaya 1964
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Corymbograptus vfractus Salter 1863
G. †Harrisgraptus VandenBerg 2019
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Harrisgraptus eocaduceus Harris 1933
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Invalid names: Harrisgraptus hemicyclus Harris 1933 [synonym]
G. †Paratetragraptus Obut 1957
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G. †Pendeograptus Bouček and Příbyl 1952
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Pendeograptus pendens Elles 1898
G. †Phyllograptus Hall 1858
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Phyllograptus anna Hall 1865
Phyllograptus loringi White 1874
G. †Pseudophyllograptus Cooper and Fortey 1982
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Pseudophyllograptus densus Tornquist 1879
G. †Tetragraptus Salter 1863
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Tetragraptus acclinans Keble 1920
Tetragraptus amii Elles and Wood 1902
Tetragraptus bigsbyi Hall 1865
Tetragraptus insuetus Keble and Benson 1929
Tetragraptus phyllograptoides Strandmark 1902
Tetragraptus pseudobigsbyi Skevington 1965
Tetragraptus reclinatus Elles and Wood 1902
G. †Tshallograptus Vandenberg 2017
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Fm. †Pterograptidae Mu 1950
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G. †Didymograptellus Cooper and Fortey 1982
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G. †Pseudobryograptus Mu 1957
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Pseudobryograptus incertus Harris and Thomas 1935
G. †Pterograptus Holm 1881
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Pterograptus elegans Holm 1881
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Yutagraptus vdeflexus Harris 1924
Fm. †Tetragraptidae Frech 1897
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+
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Invalid names: Pseudotrigonograptus angustus Mu and Lee 1958 [synonym], Pseudotrigonograptus magnus Mu and Lee 1958 [synonym], Pseudotrigonograptus uniformis Mu and Lee 1958 [synonym]
Fm. †Didymograptidae Mu 1950
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G. †Baltograptus Maletz 1994
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Baltograptus deflexus Elles and Wood 1901
Baltograptus extremus Maletz and Slovacek 2013
Baltograptus geometricus Törnquist 1901
Baltograptus jacksoni Rushton 2011
Baltograptus kurcki Törnquist 1901
Baltograptus minutus Törnquist 1879
Baltograptus vacillans Tullberg 1880
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Invalid names: Baltograptus kunmingensis Ni 1979 [synonym]
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Cymatograptus bidextro Toro and Maletz 2008
G. †Expansograptus Bouček and Přibyl 1953
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Expansograptus hirundo Salter 1863
Expansograptus rigoletto Maletz et al. 1991
Subor. †Didymograptina Lapworth 1875
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Fm. †Abrograptidae Mu 1958
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G. †Parabrograptus Mu and Qiao 1962
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Parabrograptus tribrachiatus Mu and Qiao 1962
Fm. †Corynoididae Bulman 1944
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G. †Corynites
Fm. †Nemagraptidae Lapworth 1873
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Invalid names: Tangyagraptus [synonym]
Subor. †Glossograptina Jaanuson 1960
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Fm. †Cyrtograptidae Boucek 1933
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Subfm. †Cyrtograptinae Boucek 1933
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Invalid names: Uralograptus [synonym]
Fm. †Glossograptidae Lapworth 1873
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Subfm. †Cryptograptinae Hadding 1915
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Subfm. †Glossograptinae Lapworth 1873
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Subfm. †Kalpinograptinae Qiao 1977
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+
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Invalid names: Paraglossograptus etheridgei Harris 1924 [synonym]
Fm. †Isograptidae Harris 1933
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Cardiograptus morsus Harris and Keble 1916
G. †Isograptus Moberg 1892
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Isograptus gibberulus Nicholson 1875
Isograptus victoriae Harris 1933
G. †Parisograptus Chen and Zhang 1996
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Parisograptus caduceus Salter and Bigby 1853
Invalid names: Arienigraptidae Yu and Fang 1981 [synonym]
Invalid names: Bireclinata Maletz et al. 2009 [synonym]
Subor. †Graptodendroidina Mu and Lin 1981
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Fm. †Anisograptidae Bullman 1950
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G. †Adelograptus Bulman 1941
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Adelograptus antiquus Hall 1899
Adelograptus brevibrachiatus Cho and Kim 2007
Adelograptus clarki Hall 1899
Adelograptus tenellus Linnarsson 1871
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Invalid names: Adelograptus hunnebergensis Moberg 1892 [synonym]
G. †Ancoragraptus Jackson and Lenz 2003
G. †Anisograptus Ruedemann 1937
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Anisograptus compactus Cooper and Stewart 1979
Anisograptus delicatulus Cooper and Stewart 1979
Anisograptus matanensis Ruedemann 1937
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Invalid names: Anisograptus flexuosus Bulman 1941 [synonym], Anisograptus norvegicus Bulman 1954 [synonym], Anisograptus primigenius Bulman 1950 [synonym], Anisograptus richardsoni Bulman 1941 [synonym]
G. †Aorograptus Williams and Stevens 1991
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Aorograptus victoriae Hall 1899
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Araneograptus murrayi Hall 1865
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Bryograptus kjerulfi Lapworth 1880
Bryograptus ramosus Brøgger 1882
G. †Chigraptus Jackson and Lenz 1999
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Chigraptus supinus Jackson and Lenz 1999
G. †Dictyograptus Hopkinson and Lapworth 1875
G. †Hunnegraptus Lindholm 1971
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Hunnegraptus copiosus Lindholm 1991
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Kiaerograptus bulmani Thomas 1973
Kiaerograptus quasimodo Rushton 1981
Kiaerograptus supremus Lindholm 1991
G. †Psigraptus Jackson 1967
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Psigraptus arcticus Jackson 1967
Psigraptus jacksoni Rickards and Stait 1984
Psigraptus lenzi Jackson 1967
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Invalid names: Psigraptus quadribrachiatus Zhao and Zhang 1985 [synonym]
Psigraptus magnus Zhao and Zhang 1986
Invalid names: Diphygraptus Zhao and Zhang 1985 [synonym], Holopsigraptus Zhao and Zhang 1985 [synonym], Muenzigraptus Zhao and Zhang 1985 [synonym], Neoclonograptus Zhao and Zhang 1985 [synonym], Yukonograptus Lin 1981 [synonym]
G. †Rhabdinopora Eichwald 1860
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Rhabdinopora enigma Cooper and Stewart 1979
Rhabdinopora flabelliformis Eichwald 1840
Invalid names: Heterograptus Lin 1986 [synonym]
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Staurograptus dichotomus Emmons 1855
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Invalid names: Staurograptus apertus Jackson and Lenz 1962 [synonym], Staurograptus tenuis Jackson 1974 [synonym]
Staurograptus mojotorensis Monteros and Moya 2011
Invalid names: Aletograptus Obut and Sobolevskaya 1962 [synonym]
G. †Toyenograptus Li 1984
+
Toyenograptus isolatus Bulman 1954
Invalid names: Nephelograptidae Boucek 1957 [synonym]
Fm. †Mastigograptidae Bates and Urbanek 2002
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G. †Mastigograptus Ruedemann 1908
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Mastigograptus serialis Chapman and Thomas 1936
G. †Micrograptus Eisenack 1974
Fm. †Kinnegraptidae Mu 1974
+
G. †Paradelograptus Erdtmann et al. 1987
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Laxograptus shellyi Henderson 1983
G. †Lenzograptus Loydell 2020
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Invalid names: Lenzia Rickards and Wright 1999 [replaced]
Subor. †Monograptina Lapworth 1880
+
Fm. †Cryptograptidae Boucek 1933
+
Subfm. †Linograptinae Obut 1957
+
G. †Neocolonograptus Urbanek 1997
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Neocolonograptus ultimus Perner 1899
G. †Parapetalolithis Koren' and Rickards 1996
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Rivagraptus bellulus Törnquist 1890
Rivagraptus kayi Churkin and Carter 1970
Rivagraptus supernus Fu and Song 1986
Subor. †Sinograpta Maletz 2009
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Fm. †Sinograptidae Mu 1957
+
+
Holmograptus bovis Williams and Stevens 1988
Holmograptus spinosus Ruedemann 1904
Subfm. †Sigmagraptinae Cooper and Fortey 1982
+
G. †Trichograptus Nicholson 1876
G. †Sinograptus Mu 1957
+
+
Invalid names: Sinograptus aequalis Mu 1957 [synonym], Sinograptus declinatus Yu and Fang 1983 [synonym]
G. †Tylograptus Mu 1957
+
+
Invalid names: Tylograptus grandis Hsu and Chao 1976 [synonym], Tylograptus multidentatus Hsu and Chao 1976 [synonym]
Subor. †Sinograptina Maletz 2009
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Fm. †Sigmagraptidae Cooper and Fortey 1982
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G. †Eotetragraptus Bouček and Přibyl 1952
G. †Etagraptus Ruedemann 1904
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Etagraptus harti Hall 1914
G. †Goniograptus McCoy 1876
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Goniograptus macer Hall 1899
G. †Praegoniograptus Rickards and Chapman 1991
G. †Sigmagraptus Ruedemann 1904
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Sigmagraptus praecursor Ruedemann 1904
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Invalid names: Goniograptus laxus Hall 1914 [synonym]
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Uncinatograptus uncinatus Tullberg 1883
Invalid names: Bryograptidae Obut 1957 [empty], Dichograptacea Lapworth 1873 [empty], Virgellina Fortey and Cooper 1986 [empty]
G. †Palmatophycus Boucek 1941
+
Palmatophycus contractus Boucek 1941
Fm. †Rhabdopleuridae Harmer 1905
+
G. †Calyxhydra Kozlowski 1959
G. †Chitinodendron Eisenack 1938
G. Cylindrotheca Rabenhorst 1848
G. †Haplograptus Ruedemann 1933
+
Haplograptus wisconsinensis Ruedemann 1933
G. Rhabdopleura Allman 1869
+
Invalid names: Rhabdopleura Allman 1867 [objective synonym]
G. Rhapdopleura Allman 1869
Fm. †Wimanicrustidae Bulman 1970
+
G. †Bulmanicrusta Kozlowski 1962
Invalid names: Diplograptoidea Lapworth 1880 [empty], Dithecoidea Obut 1964 [empty], Graptolithus Linnaeus 1768 [invalid subgroup], Graptovermida Kozlowski 1949 [empty], Limpidograptus [nomen vanum], Stolonoidea Kozlowski 1938 [empty], Thamnograptus [nomen vanum], Trigonograptus Lapworth 1873 [nomen vanum], Tuboidea Kozlowski 1938 [empty]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available