Full reference: G. G. Simpson. 1946. Fossil Penguins. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 87(1):1-100
Parent taxon: Sphenisciformes according to D. T. Ksepka et al. 2006
See also Acosta Hospitaleche and Stucchi 2005, Acosta Hospitaleche et al. 2004, Brodkorb 1963 and Simpson 1946
Sister taxa: Anthropornis, Aprosdokitos, Archaeospheniscus, Crossvallia, Delphinornis, Duntroonornis, Icadyptes, Inkayacu, Kaiika, Kairuku, Korora, Kumimanu, Kupoupou, Marambiornis, Mesetaornis, Muriwaimanu, Pachydyptes, Pakudyptes, Paraptenodytinae, Perudyptes, Petradyptes, Platydyptes, Sequiwaimanu, Spheniscidae, Tonniornis, Waimanu, Wimanornis
Subtaxa: Eretiscus Palaeospheniscus
Ecology: ground dwelling carnivore
Distribution:
• Pliocene of South Africa (2 collections)
• Miocene of Argentina (10), Peru (1)
Total: 13 collections including 25 occurrences