Full reference: C. Gegenbauer. 1874. Grundriss der Vergleichenden Anatom 1-660
Parent taxon: Vertebrata according to R. van der Laan 2019
See also Dineley and Metcalf 1999, Donoghue and Smith 2001, Gadow 1898, Long 2011, Meyer and Zardoya 2003, Nelson et al. 2016, Richter et al. 2017 and Säve-Söderbergh 1934
Sister taxa: Acrania, Agnatha, Ammopus, Anaspidomorphi, Apedolepis, Artenolepis, Cephalaspidomorpha, Craniota, Cyclostomata, Cyclostomi, Eosaurus, Eotetrapoda, Galeaspida, Herpetichthyes, Hoplichnus, Hypichthyes, Lepidotosaurus, Mannodon, Myzichthyes, Ophis, Osteostracomorphi, Ostracophori, Pachycardia, Palaeoxyris, Petromyzontomorphi, Pituriaspida, Protetrapoda, Pteraspidomorphi, Saurornia, Thelodontomorphi, Thoracophis, Tidaeus, Toxichnus, Zamponiopteron, Myllokunmingiiformes, Coluber arcuatus, Conodontomorpha, Myxinomorphi
Subtaxa: Acanthodii Chondrichthiomorphi Chondrichthyes Eugnathostomata Ichthyes Janusiscus Minjinia Osteichthyes Placodermi Placodermiomorphi Plectrodus Qilinyu Ramirosuarezia Xiushanosteus