Full reference: C. Gegenbauer. 1874. Grundriss der Vergleichenden Anatom 1-660
Parent taxon: Vertebrata according to M. Richter et al. 2017
See also Dineley and Metcalf 1999, Donoghue and Smith 2001, Gadow 1898, Long 2011, Meyer and Zardoya 2003, Nelson et al. 2016 and Säve-Söderbergh 1934
Sister taxa: Acrania, Agnatha, Ammopus, Anaspidomorphi, Anatolepis, Apedolepis, Artenolepis, Auchenaspis, Cephalaspidomorpha, Craniota, Cyclostomi, Eosaurus, Eotetrapoda, Galeaspida, Herpetichthyes, Hoplichnus, Hypichthyes, Lepidotosaurus, Mannodon, Myzichthyes, Osteostracomorphii, Ostracophori, Pachycardia, Palaeoxyris, Petromyzontida, Petromyzontomorphi, Pituriaspida, Protetrapoda, Saurornia, Thelodontomorphi, Tidaeus, Toxichnus, Zamponiopteron
Subtaxa: Chondrichthiomorphi Chondrichthyes Eugnathostomata Ichthyes Osteichthyes Placodermiomorphi Plectrodus Qilinyu Thelodonti
Ecology: