Parent taxon: Craniata according to R. Van Der Laan 2019
See also Bryant 1932, Dineley and Metcalf 1999, Kiessling 2004, Long 2011, Nelson et al. 2016, Sepkoski 2002, Young 1997 and Young 2009
Sister taxa: Acrania, Agnatha, Ammopus, Anaspidomorphi, Apedolepis, Artenolepis, Cephalaspidomorpha, Craniota, Cyclostomata, Cyclostomi, Eosaurus, Eotetrapoda, Galeaspida, Gnathostomata, Herpetichthyes, Hoplichnus, Hypichthyes, Lepidotosaurus, Mannodon, Myzichthyes, Ophis, Osteostraci, Osteostracomorphii, Ostracophori, Pachycardia, Palaeoxyris, Petromyzontomorphi, Pituriaspida, Protetrapoda, Saurornia, Thelodontomorphi, Thoracophis, Tidaeus, Toxichnus, Zamponiopteron, Myxinomorphi, Conodontomorpha, Myllokunmingiiformes, Coluber arcuatus
Subtaxa: Coscinodus Dipnoides Furcacudiformes Gompholepis Gyropeltus Palaeosteus Pteraspidida Pteraspidomorpha Rabdacanthus Sigurdia Tylodus
Ecology: